Evaluating the role of risk assessment for road tunnel fire safety: A comparative review within the EU
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摘要
Fire is the foremost critical event for road tunnels' safety. Therefore, the European Commission introduced the Directive 2004/54/EC for enhancing tunnels' safety since they constitute a key element of the Trans-European Road Network. The Directive has established a common ground for tunnels' safety evaluation providing certain minimum requirements while introducing officially the use of risk assessment. Despite the signifi-cant progress, this paper illustrates that further efforts are needed. Through a comparative review of the risk assessment methods, questions about the level of harmonisation of the framework are raised. Moreover, considerable problems are highlighted, like the incorporation of the new trends emerging from the literature or the deficiencies on addressing significant issues of the analysis, such as the risk acceptance criteria and the behaviour of trapped-users. These problems can affect the risk assessment process causing both significant discrepancies and deficiencies at the estimated level of tunnels' safety.Uncovering, thus, the deficiencies and limitations of the methods, this paper contributes to i) the discourse for initiating relevant studies to enhance tunnels' fire safety in Europe and worldwide, and ii) the harmonisation of risk assessment methods.
Fire is the foremost critical event for road tunnels' safety. Therefore, the European Commission introduced the Directive 2004/54/EC for enhancing tunnels' safety since they constitute a key element of the Trans-European Road Network. The Directive has established a common ground for tunnels' safety evaluation providing certain minimum requirements while introducing officially the use of risk assessment. Despite the signifi-cant progress, this paper illustrates that further efforts are needed. Through a comparative review of the risk assessment methods, questions about the level of harmonisation of the framework are raised. Moreover, considerable problems are highlighted, like the incorporation of the new trends emerging from the literature or the deficiencies on addressing significant issues of the analysis, such as the risk acceptance criteria and the behaviour of trapped-users. These problems can affect the risk assessment process causing both significant discrepancies and deficiencies at the estimated level of tunnels' safety.Uncovering, thus, the deficiencies and limitations of the methods, this paper contributes to i) the discourse for initiating relevant studies to enhance tunnels' fire safety in Europe and worldwide, and ii) the harmonisation of risk assessment methods.
Fire is the foremost critical event for road tunnels' safety. Therefore, the European Commission introduced the Directive 2004/54/EC for enhancing tunnels' safety since they constitute a key element of the Trans-European Road Network. The Directive has established a common ground for tunnels' safety evaluation providing certain minimum requirements while introducing officially the use of risk assessment. Despite the signifi-cant progress, this paper illustrates that further efforts are needed. Through a comparative review of the risk assessment methods, questions about the level of harmonisation of the framework are raised. Moreover, considerable problems are highlighted, like the incorporation of the new trends emerging from the literature or the deficiencies on addressing significant issues of the analysis, such as the risk acceptance criteria and the behaviour of trapped-users. These problems can affect the risk assessment process causing both significant discrepancies and deficiencies at the estimated level of tunnels' safety.Uncovering, thus, the deficiencies and limitations of the methods, this paper contributes to i) the discourse for initiating relevant studies to enhance tunnels' fire safety in Europe and worldwide, and ii) the harmonisation of risk assessment methods.
引文
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Caliendo,C.,De Guglielmo,M.L.,2017.Quantitative risk analysis on the transport of dangerous goods through a Bi-directional road Tunnel.Risk Analysis 37(1),116-129.
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Chatzimichailidou,M.M.,Dokas,I.M.,2016.RiskSOAP:introducing and applying a methodology of risk selawareness in road tunnel safety.Accident Analysis&Prevention 90,118-127.
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Fabbri,L.,Contini,S.,2009.Benchmarking on the evaluation of major accident-related risk assessment.Journal of Hazardous Materials 162(2-3),1465-1476.
Fridolph,K.,Nilsson,D.,Frantzich,H.,2013.Fire evacuation in underground transportation systems:a review of accidents and empirical research.Fire Technology 49(2),451-475.
Garrick,J.B.,Christie,R.F.,2002.Probabilistic risk assessment practices in the USA for nuclear power plants.Safety Science 40(1-4),177-201.
Gheorghe,A.,Masera,M.,Weijnen,M.,et al.,2006.Critical Infrastructures at Risk.Springer,Dordrecht.
Goerlandt,F.,Khakzad,N.,Reniers,G.,2017.Validity and validation of safety-related quantitative risk analysis:a review.Safety Science 99,127-139.
Greenberg,H.,Cramer,J.,1991.Risk Assessment and Risk Management for the Chemical Process Industry.Wiley,New York.
Haack,2002.Current safety issues in traffic tunnels.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 17,117-127.
Hansen,R.,Inganson,H.,2011.An engineering tool to calculate heat release rates of multiple objects in underground structures.Fire Safety Journal 46(4),194-203.
Hoj,N.,Kroger,W.,2002.Risk analysis of transportation on road and railway from a European perspective.Safety Science 40(1-4),337-357.
INERIS,2005.Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels:Quantitative Risk Assessment Model(V.3.61).Verneuil-en-Halatte,Paris.
Ingason,H.,2008.Design fires in tunnels.Fire safety Journal 44,259-265.
Ingason,H.,Li,Y.Z.,Lonnermark,A.,2015.Tunnel Fire Dynamics,first ed.Springer,New York.
ISO,2015.ISO 31000:2009-Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines.International Organisation for Standardisation,Geneva.
Kaliampakos,D.,Benardos,A.,Mavrikos,A.,2016.A review on the economics of underground space utilization.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 55,236-244.
Kazaras,K.,Kirytopoulos,K.,2013.Challenges for current quantitative risk assessment(QRA)models to describe explicit the road tunnel safety level.Journal of Risk Research17(8),953-968.
Kazaras,K.,Kyritopoulos,K.,Rentizelas,A.,2012.Introducing the STAMP method in road tunnel safety assessment.Safety Science 50,1806-1817.
Kazaras,K.,Kontogiannis,T.,Kirytopoulos,K.,2014.Proactive assessment of breaches of safety constraints and causal organizational breakdowns in complex systems:a joint STAMP-VSM framework for safety assessment.Safety Science 62,233-247.
Kinateder,M.,Muller,M.,Jost,M.,et al.,2014a.Social influence in a virtual tunnel fire-influence of conflicting information on evacuation behaviour.Applied Ergonomics 45,1649-1659.
Kinateder,M.,Ronchi,E.,Gromer,D.,et al.,2014b.Social influence on route choice in a virtual reality tunnel fire.Transportation Research Part F:Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 26,116-125.
Kinateder,M.,Kuligowski,E.,Reneke,P.,et al.,2015.Risk Perception in fire evacuation behaviour revisited:definitions,related concepts and empirical evidence.Fire Science Reviews 4(1),1-26.
Kirytopoulos,K.,Rentizelas,A.,Tatsiopoulos,I.,et al.,2010.Quantitative risk analysis for road tunnels complying with EU regulations.Journal of Risk Research 13(8),1027-1041.
Kirytopoulos,K.,Kazaras,K.,Papapavlou,P.,et al.,2017.Exploring driving habits and safety critical behavioural intentions among road tunnel users:a questionnaire survey in Greece.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology63,244-251.
Klein,R.,Maevski,I.,Ko,J.,et al.,2018.Fuel pool development in tunnel and drainage as a means to mitigate tunnel fire size.Fire Safety Journal 97,87-95.
Kontogiannis,T.,Leopoulos,V.,Marmaras,N.,2000.A comparison of accident analysis techniques for safetycritical man-machine systems.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25(4),327-347.
Krol,M.,Krol,A.,Koper,P.,et al.,2017.Full scale measurements of the operation of fire ventilation in a road tunnel.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 70,204-213.
Kuligowski,E.,2013.Predictive human behaviour towards fires.Fire Technology 49(1),101-120.
Leveson,N.G.,2011.Applying systems thinking to analyze and learn from events.Safety Science 49,55-64.
Lotsberg,G.,2016.The World's Longest Tunnels'Page.Available at http://www.Lotsberg.net(Accessed 12 May 2018).
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