包容审慎:第四次工业革命背景下新经济业态的行政监管策略
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摘要
第四次工业革命带来了新的经济业态,同时带来了"是否参与,怎样参与,是否监管,如何监管"的难题。我国中央政府采用自上而下的模式提出了包容审慎新行政监管策略,并通过政府会议、政府媒体和世界性论坛接续推进,迅速发挥了治理效应,有效地支持和促进了新经济业态的发展,走在世界前列。这一新行政监管策略具有包容、审慎、理性的特点,其治理价值主要体现在四个方面:很好地处理了新时代政府和市场的关系,包容了市场创新,有利于新旧动能的持续转化;协同监管体制的形成促进了新经济业态的创新发展;促进了政府职能转变;很好地应对和引领了第四次工业革命。然而,在如何将包容审慎的行政监管策略形成系统性的监管制度,监管过程中如何把握"包容"和"审慎"之度,如何培养多元主体的合作监管能力;如何避免信息不对称问题等方面,理论和实践都需要进一步发展和完善。
The impact of the fourth industrial revolution has been systemic and subversive. It has brought new development opportunities as well as problems such as "to participate or not, how to participate and regulate or not". Therefore, it is general for governments around the world being lack of governance ability and administrative regulation ability. To deal with this problem, the Chinese central government takes the top-down model, proposes the new administrative regulation strategy of being inclusive and prudent and promote this strategy through government meeting, official media and worldwide forum. Compared to the prior approval regulation mode, the new administrative regulation strategy is inclusive, prudent and rational. It takes the method of collaborative regulation online and offline, which improves the pertinence of regulation on new industrial forms. The new administrative regulation strategy of being inclusive and prudent is the result of a pure reflection of our country government. There are four aspects of its governance value. First, it deals with the relationship between government and market in the new period better and is tolerant to market innovation while being good to continuous transformation of the old and the new kinetic energy. Second, it promotes the formation of the collaborative regulation system and improves the effectiveness of administrative regulation, and promoting the smooth development of new economics, new industrial forms and new economic model. Third, it further dispels the interests of the government, promotes the transformation of government functions, and is conducive to the construction of a satisfactory service-oriented government. Fourth, it embodies the "four confidence" and leads the fourth industrial revolution. Inclusiveness and prudence are the basic ideas of building a mode of administrative regulation with Chinese characteristics in the new era.
The impact of the fourth industrial revolution has been systemic and subversive. It has brought new development opportunities as well as problems such as "to participate or not, how to participate and regulate or not". Therefore, it is general for governments around the world being lack of governance ability and administrative regulation ability. To deal with this problem, the Chinese central government takes the top-down model, proposes the new administrative regulation strategy of being inclusive and prudent and promote this strategy through government meeting, official media and worldwide forum. Compared to the prior approval regulation mode, the new administrative regulation strategy is inclusive, prudent and rational. It takes the method of collaborative regulation online and offline, which improves the pertinence of regulation on new industrial forms. The new administrative regulation strategy of being inclusive and prudent is the result of a pure reflection of our country government. There are four aspects of its governance value. First, it deals with the relationship between government and market in the new period better and is tolerant to market innovation while being good to continuous transformation of the old and the new kinetic energy. Second, it promotes the formation of the collaborative regulation system and improves the effectiveness of administrative regulation, and promoting the smooth development of new economics, new industrial forms and new economic model. Third, it further dispels the interests of the government, promotes the transformation of government functions, and is conducive to the construction of a satisfactory service-oriented government. Fourth, it embodies the "four confidence" and leads the fourth industrial revolution. Inclusiveness and prudence are the basic ideas of building a mode of administrative regulation with Chinese characteristics in the new era.
引文
[1] 胡鞍钢.世界正在开始第四次工业革命[J].经济研究参考,2010,(18):32.
[2] 杨希伟,梁鹏.逐鹿全球绿色制高点[J].瞭望,2009,(34):12-14.
[3] 陆颖.信息物理融合迎接第四次工业革命:解读德国《未来项目“工业4.0”落实建议》[J].华东科技,2014,(2):28-31.
[4] 沈尤佳.欧美国家企图通过“经济计划”抢占第四次工业革命高地[J].红旗文稿,2015,(1):21-23.
[5] 邓永红,张其仔.中国应对第四次工业革命的战略选择[J].中州学刊,2015,(6):23-28.
[6] 方兴起.四次全球供给侧结构性调整的现实意义[J].华南师范大学学报,2016,(6):118-127.
[7] 李稻葵.中国会错过第四次工业革命吗[J].财经界,2016,(6):63-65.
[8] 孙乐强.后金融危机时代的工业革命与国家发展战略的转型——“第四次工业革命”对中国的挑战和机遇[J].天津社会科学,2017,(1):12-20.
[9] 薛澜.第四次工业革命带来的治理挑战[J].中国总会计师,2017,(1):37-38.
[10] 雷晓康,贾明德.市场经济中的政府管制及其创新[J].北京大学学报,2003,(1):49-56.
[11] 湛中乐,赵玄.开放型经济背景下的行政监管革新[J].国家行政学院学报,2015,(5):26-30.
[12] 赵景华,许鸣超,陈新明.分享经济业态下政府监管的差异化策略研究[J].中国行政管理,2017,(6):75-79.
[13] 洪群联.2016年上半年我国服务业发展形势分析[J].经济研究参考,2016,(43):19-24.
[14] 克劳斯·施布尔.第四次工业革命[M].李菁,译.北京:中信出版社,2016.
[15] CASTELLS M.The Impact of the Internet on Society:A Global Perspective,MIT Technology Review,8,SEP,2014.
[16] 谢新水.网约车治理政策的制定过程分析:冲击、支持与合作思维[J].理论与改革,2017,(4):136-145.
[17] 甄珍,谢新水.“互联网+”背景下网约车政策的制定过程及其示范价值[J].电子政务,2018,(5):19-27.
[18] 刘宪权,金华捷.论互联网金融的行政监管与刑法规制[J].法学,2014,(6):8-16.
[19] 杨东.互联网金融的法律规则——基于信息工具的视角[J].中国社会科学,2015,(4):107-126.
[20] 付聪,李克强.如果沿用老办法管制就可能没有今天的微信[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/premier/2017-06/21/content-5204392.htm.
[21] 金碚.世界工业革命的缘起、历程与趋势[J].南京政治学院学报,2015,(1):41-49.
[22] 聂辉华.从管制型国家到治理型国家——以煤矿安全为例[J].教学与研究,2015,(7):21-31.
[23] ACEMOGLU D,VERDIER T.The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption[J].American Economic Review,2000,90(1).
[24] 陈志武.我为什么主张国退民进[N].经济观察报,2009-12-07(41-42).
[25] 张双.分享经济来临,我们准备好了吗[N].经济日报,2017-03-09(4).
[26] 洪观平.形成新旧动能转换“加速度”[N].经济日报,2017-05-31(5).
[27] 李婕.中国贡献助力全球包容性增长[N].人民日报(海外版),2017-06-28(3).
[28] 光明网.对新业态新模式,总理为何反复强调监管当“包容审慎”[EB/OL].http://politics.gmw.cn/2017-07/17/content-25109932.htm.
[29] 李克强.在第十一届夏季达沃斯论坛开模式上的致辞[N].人民日报,2017-06-28(3).
[30] 刘鹏.西方监管理论:文献综述和理论清理[J].中国行政管理,2009,(9):11-15.
[31] 林关征.政府管制与管制放松的制度经济学分析[J].经济体制改革,2006,(6):21-25.
[32] 王念慈.加快新旧动能接续转换,李克强给部长下“督战书”[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-01/07/content-5157655.htm.
[33] 胡锦涛.深化交流合作,实现包容性发展[N].人民日报,2010-09-17(1).
[34] 储思琮.国务院第一会议室成了“科学讲堂”[EB/OL].http://www.bjnews.com.,cn./news/2017/06/25/448027.html.
[35] 穆伊.如何应对第四次工业革命?世界论坛主席告诉你秘诀[EB/OL].http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2017/06/28/448447.html.
(1)“治理型国家”的概念可见聂辉华.从管制型国家到治理型国家——以煤矿安全为例.教学与研究[J].2015,(7):23-31.据中国知网查询,其他学术文献中不多见。该文只是从全球治理运动理论与实践,我国推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的背景出发,通过区分“治理”和“统治”的差别来陈述该概念,并没有明确对其定义。
(2)参见陈文华.现代政治与治理能力的现代化[J].中国人民大学学报,2015,(2):31-38.
(3)我国传统文化体现了包容宽大的精神。前蜀杜光庭《皇后修三元大醮词》有言:“气分二象,垂包容覆载之私。”明朝李东阳在《大行皇帝挽歌辞》中有言:“草木有情皆长养,乾坤无地不包容。”宋苏轼《上神宗皇帝书》有言:“若陛下多方包容,则人才取次可用。”
[2] 杨希伟,梁鹏.逐鹿全球绿色制高点[J].瞭望,2009,(34):12-14.
[3] 陆颖.信息物理融合迎接第四次工业革命:解读德国《未来项目“工业4.0”落实建议》[J].华东科技,2014,(2):28-31.
[4] 沈尤佳.欧美国家企图通过“经济计划”抢占第四次工业革命高地[J].红旗文稿,2015,(1):21-23.
[5] 邓永红,张其仔.中国应对第四次工业革命的战略选择[J].中州学刊,2015,(6):23-28.
[6] 方兴起.四次全球供给侧结构性调整的现实意义[J].华南师范大学学报,2016,(6):118-127.
[7] 李稻葵.中国会错过第四次工业革命吗[J].财经界,2016,(6):63-65.
[8] 孙乐强.后金融危机时代的工业革命与国家发展战略的转型——“第四次工业革命”对中国的挑战和机遇[J].天津社会科学,2017,(1):12-20.
[9] 薛澜.第四次工业革命带来的治理挑战[J].中国总会计师,2017,(1):37-38.
[10] 雷晓康,贾明德.市场经济中的政府管制及其创新[J].北京大学学报,2003,(1):49-56.
[11] 湛中乐,赵玄.开放型经济背景下的行政监管革新[J].国家行政学院学报,2015,(5):26-30.
[12] 赵景华,许鸣超,陈新明.分享经济业态下政府监管的差异化策略研究[J].中国行政管理,2017,(6):75-79.
[13] 洪群联.2016年上半年我国服务业发展形势分析[J].经济研究参考,2016,(43):19-24.
[14] 克劳斯·施布尔.第四次工业革命[M].李菁,译.北京:中信出版社,2016.
[15] CASTELLS M.The Impact of the Internet on Society:A Global Perspective,MIT Technology Review,8,SEP,2014.
[16] 谢新水.网约车治理政策的制定过程分析:冲击、支持与合作思维[J].理论与改革,2017,(4):136-145.
[17] 甄珍,谢新水.“互联网+”背景下网约车政策的制定过程及其示范价值[J].电子政务,2018,(5):19-27.
[18] 刘宪权,金华捷.论互联网金融的行政监管与刑法规制[J].法学,2014,(6):8-16.
[19] 杨东.互联网金融的法律规则——基于信息工具的视角[J].中国社会科学,2015,(4):107-126.
[20] 付聪,李克强.如果沿用老办法管制就可能没有今天的微信[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/premier/2017-06/21/content-5204392.htm.
[21] 金碚.世界工业革命的缘起、历程与趋势[J].南京政治学院学报,2015,(1):41-49.
[22] 聂辉华.从管制型国家到治理型国家——以煤矿安全为例[J].教学与研究,2015,(7):21-31.
[23] ACEMOGLU D,VERDIER T.The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption[J].American Economic Review,2000,90(1).
[24] 陈志武.我为什么主张国退民进[N].经济观察报,2009-12-07(41-42).
[25] 张双.分享经济来临,我们准备好了吗[N].经济日报,2017-03-09(4).
[26] 洪观平.形成新旧动能转换“加速度”[N].经济日报,2017-05-31(5).
[27] 李婕.中国贡献助力全球包容性增长[N].人民日报(海外版),2017-06-28(3).
[28] 光明网.对新业态新模式,总理为何反复强调监管当“包容审慎”[EB/OL].http://politics.gmw.cn/2017-07/17/content-25109932.htm.
[29] 李克强.在第十一届夏季达沃斯论坛开模式上的致辞[N].人民日报,2017-06-28(3).
[30] 刘鹏.西方监管理论:文献综述和理论清理[J].中国行政管理,2009,(9):11-15.
[31] 林关征.政府管制与管制放松的制度经济学分析[J].经济体制改革,2006,(6):21-25.
[32] 王念慈.加快新旧动能接续转换,李克强给部长下“督战书”[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-01/07/content-5157655.htm.
[33] 胡锦涛.深化交流合作,实现包容性发展[N].人民日报,2010-09-17(1).
[34] 储思琮.国务院第一会议室成了“科学讲堂”[EB/OL].http://www.bjnews.com.,cn./news/2017/06/25/448027.html.
[35] 穆伊.如何应对第四次工业革命?世界论坛主席告诉你秘诀[EB/OL].http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2017/06/28/448447.html.
(1)“治理型国家”的概念可见聂辉华.从管制型国家到治理型国家——以煤矿安全为例.教学与研究[J].2015,(7):23-31.据中国知网查询,其他学术文献中不多见。该文只是从全球治理运动理论与实践,我国推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的背景出发,通过区分“治理”和“统治”的差别来陈述该概念,并没有明确对其定义。
(2)参见陈文华.现代政治与治理能力的现代化[J].中国人民大学学报,2015,(2):31-38.
(3)我国传统文化体现了包容宽大的精神。前蜀杜光庭《皇后修三元大醮词》有言:“气分二象,垂包容覆载之私。”明朝李东阳在《大行皇帝挽歌辞》中有言:“草木有情皆长养,乾坤无地不包容。”宋苏轼《上神宗皇帝书》有言:“若陛下多方包容,则人才取次可用。”
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