婴配食品中氯丙醇酯的污染状况及检测方法研究进展
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摘要
氯丙醇酯类污染物对人体具有潜在的危害,目前已被发现普遍存在于精炼植物油、含油脂性食品及动物乳汁及母乳中,其中精炼植物油尤其是精炼棕榈油中的污染水平较高。婴配食品中脂肪的主要来源是精炼植物油及动物脂肪,对于以婴配食品为主要食物来源的婴儿来说,此类污染物的暴露水平较高可能造成潜在的健康危害。目前婴配食品中氯丙醇酯类污染物的研究数据有限,且国内外相关法律法规不足,造成监管及生产环节关注有限。本文以婴配食品为关注点,综合介绍了国内外婴配食品中的氯丙醇酯污染状况及暴露危害、相关法律法规,并简要介绍了婴配食品中常用的氯丙醇酯检测方法,以帮助监管机构、生产企业及检测机构全面了解行业氯丙醇酯污染现状并及时做出改善。
Chloropropanol esters contaminants are potentially harmful to the human body and have been found to be ubiquitous in refined vegetable oils, oily foods, animal milk and breast milk, with higher levels of contamination in refined vegetable oils, especially refined palm oil. The main sources of fat in infant formula foods are refined vegetable oils and animal fats. For babies with infant formula foods as the main food source, the exposure level of such contaminants may cause potential health hazards. At present, the research data of chloropropanol esters contaminants in infant formula foods is limited, and the relevant laws and regulations at home and abroad are insufficient, resulting in limited attention in supervision and production. This article took infant formula foods as the focus, comprehensively introduced the contamination status and exposure hazard of chloropropanol esters in infant formula foods at home and abroad, relevant laws and regulations, and briefly introduced the commonly used methods for detecting chloropropanol esters in infant formula foods, so as to help regulators, manufacturing companies and testing organizations to fully understand the current situation of chloropropanol esters in the industry and make timely improvements.
Chloropropanol esters contaminants are potentially harmful to the human body and have been found to be ubiquitous in refined vegetable oils, oily foods, animal milk and breast milk, with higher levels of contamination in refined vegetable oils, especially refined palm oil. The main sources of fat in infant formula foods are refined vegetable oils and animal fats. For babies with infant formula foods as the main food source, the exposure level of such contaminants may cause potential health hazards. At present, the research data of chloropropanol esters contaminants in infant formula foods is limited, and the relevant laws and regulations at home and abroad are insufficient, resulting in limited attention in supervision and production. This article took infant formula foods as the focus, comprehensively introduced the contamination status and exposure hazard of chloropropanol esters in infant formula foods at home and abroad, relevant laws and regulations, and briefly introduced the commonly used methods for detecting chloropropanol esters in infant formula foods, so as to help regulators, manufacturing companies and testing organizations to fully understand the current situation of chloropropanol esters in the industry and make timely improvements.
引文
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[2]Cerbulis J,Parks OW,Liu RH,et al.Occurrence of diesters of3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in the neutral lipid fraction of goats'milk[J].J.Agric Food Chem,1984,(32):474-476.
[3]Kuksis A,Maral L,Myher JJ,et al.Comparative study of the molecular species of chloropropanedioldiesters and triacylglycerols in milk fat[J].Lipids,1986,21(3):183-190.
[4]Myher JJ,Kusis A,Marai L,et al.Stereo specific analysis of fatty acid esters of chloropropanediol isolated from fresh goat milk[J].Lipids,1986,21(5):309-314.
[5]Hamlet CG,Sadd PA.Chloropropanols and their esters in cereal products[J].Czech J Food Sci,2004,(22):259-262.
[6]Sim BI,Muhamad H,Lai OM,et al.New Insights on degumming and bleaching process parameters on the formation of3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters and glycidyl esters in refined,bleached,deodorized palm oil[J].J Oleo Sci,2018,67(4):397-406.
[7]Yan J,Oey SB,Leeuwen SPJV,et al.Discrimination of processing grades of olive oil and other vegetable oils by monochloropropanediol esters and glycidylesters[J].Food Chem,2018,(248):93-100.
[8]?zdikicierler O,Yemi??io?lu F,Gümü?kesen AS.Effects of process parameters on 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester formation during steam distillation of olive oil and olive pomaceoil[J].Eur Food Res Technol,2016,(242):805-813.
[9]Chew SC,Tan CP,Lai OM,et al.Changes in 3-MCPD esters,glycidyl esters,bioactive compounds and oxidation indexes during kenaf seed oil refining[J].Food Sci Biotechnol,2018,27(3):905-914.
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[11]Kūsters M,Bimber U,Ossenbrūggen A,et al.Rapid and simple micromethod for the simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD and3-MCPD esters in different foodstuffs[J].J Agric Food Chem,2010,(58):6570-6577.
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[13]Sadowska-Rociek A,Cie?lik E.Assessment of 3-MCPD levels in coffee and coffee substitutes by simplified QuEChERs method[J].J Verbr Lebensm,2015,(10):117-122.
[14]Marc C,Drouard-Pascarel V,Rétho C,et al.Determination of3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol(MCPD)esters and glycidyl esters by microwave extraction in different foodstuffs[J].J Agric Food Chem,2016,(64):4353-4361.
[15]J?drkiewicz R,Glowacz A,Gromadzka J,et al.Determination of 3-MCPDand 2-MCPD esters in edible oils,fish oils and lipid fractions of margarines available on Polish market[J].Food Contr,2016,(59):487-492.
[16]Merkle S,Ostermeyer U,Rohn S,et al.Formation of ester bound 2-and3-MCPD and esterified glycidol in deep-fried and pickled herring products[J].Eur J Lipid Sci Technol,2018,120(1700464):1-9.
[17]Merkle S,Ostermeyer U,Rohn S,et al.Mitigation strategies for ester bound 2-3-MCPD and esterified glycidol in pre-fried breaded and frozen fish products[J].Food Chem,2018,(245):196-204.
[18]Karl H,Merkle S,Kuhlmann J,et al.Development of analytical methods for the determination of free and ester bound 2,3-MCPD,and esterified glycidol in fishery products[J].Eur J Lipid Sci Technol,2016,(118):406-417.
[19]Chai QQ,Hayat K,Karangwa E,et al.Investigating the optimum conditions for minimized 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters content and improved sensory attributes during savory beef flavor preparation[J].Food Chem,2018,(243):96-102.
[20]Leigh J,Mac M.Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States[J].Food Add Contamin,2017,34(3):356-370.
[21]J?drkiewicz R,Glowacz A,Gromadzka J,et al.Indirect determination of MCPD fatty acid esters in lipid fractions of commercially available infant formulas for the assessment of infants’health risk[J].Food Anal Method,2016,(9):3460-3469.
[22]中华人民共和国海关总署.海关总署通报2017年中国进口食品质量安全状况[DB/OL].[2018-7-20].http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302425/1939553/index.html.General Administration of Customs,P.R.China.The General Administration of Customs notified the quality and safety of imported food in China in 2017[DB/OL].[2018-7-20].http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302425/1939553/index.html.
[23]陈戈.全球婴幼儿配方奶粉产量、消费量及贸易格局分析[J].中国乳业,2018,(199):8-10.Chen G.Analysis of global infant formula milk powder production,consumption and trade pattern[J].China Dair,2018,(199):8-10.
[24]国家食品药品监督管理总局[DB/OL].[2019-1-26].http://qy1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html.China Food and Drug Administration[DB/OL].[2019-1-26].http://qy1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html.
[25]Li HL,Chen DW,Miao H,et al.Direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol in edible vegetable oils by isotope dilution-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].J Chromatogr A,2015,(1410):99-109.
[26]Frenzel F,Buhrke T,Wenzel I,et al.Use of in silico models for prioritization of heat-induced food contaminants in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing[J].Arch Toxicol,2017,(91):3157-3174.
[27]Onami S,Cho YM,Toyoda T,et al.Absence of in vivo genotoxicity of3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and associated fatty acid esters in a 4-week comprehensive toxicity study using F344 gpt delta rats[J].Mutagenesis,2014,29(4):295-302.
[28]Cho WS,Han BS,Nam KT,et al.Carcinogenicity study of3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague-Dawley rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2008,(46):3172-3177.
[29]EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain(CONTAM).Risks for human health related to the presence of 3-and 2-monochloropropanediol(MCPD),and their fatty acid esters,and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food[R].EFSA J,2016,14(5):4426.
[30]Buhrke T,Voss L,BrieseA,et al.Oxidative inactivation of the endogenous antioxidant protein DJ-1 by the food contaminants 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD[J].Arch Toxicol,2018,(92):289-299.
[31]EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain(CONTAM).Update of the risk assessment on 3-monochloropropane diol and its fatty acid esters[R].EFSA J,2018,16(1):5083.
[32]覃玲,许桂锋,李波,等.气相色谱-质谱法测定奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯和2-氯丙醇酯含量[J].江苏预防医学,2018,29(3):279-282.Qin L,Xu GF,Li B,et al.Determination of 3-MCPDesters and 2-MCPDesters residues in milk powder samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the pollution level[J].Jiangsu J Prev Med,2018,29(3):279-282.
[33]郭蓉,刘存卫,严倩,等.陕西省市售乳粉中氯丙醇酯的污染水平调查[J].现代预防医学,2018,45(16):2929-2932.Guo R,Liu CW,Yan Q,et al.Investigation and analysis on the pollution level of chloropropanol esters in milk powder sold in Shaanxi province[J].Mode Prev Med,2018,45(16):2929-2932.
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