树轮异常结构的研究进展
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摘要
树轮作为反映气候变化的一个重要介质,在年代学、古气候学和古生态学研究中具有独特的优势。树轮是形成层细胞分裂和分化的结果,一般形成层对外界环境比较敏感。在恶劣的环境条件下,树木形成层活动和细胞分化受阻,导致树体的结构和功能发生改变。异常轮结构就是树木为适应环境突变产生的特殊痕迹,伪年轮或多层轮、霜轮、缺轮、浅轮、断轮、火疤、应力木、创伤性树脂道等异常轮的发生与温度、降水、光照等气候因子的变化密切相关。因此,通过分析这些树轮异常结构可探讨其产生的气候背景并用于重建森林干扰的历史以及预测未来森林变化动态,也是对基于树轮资料探究各类极端事件和自然灾害发生史等内容的补充。文章综述了异常轮的主要类型、成因、特征及其在极端事件中的应用和相关研究进展,以探讨其在重建过去气候变化中的潜在优势。
As an important indicator reflecting climatic changes,tree-rings have been widely used in the research of chronology,paleoclimatology,and paleoecology. Annual tree rings are considered as a consequence of the cambial activity and cell differentiation which are significantly associated with environmental variables. Under particularly adverse conditions,the cambial division and growth would be limited or inactive,no xylem or incomplete lignification or damaged cells may be produced in parts of the stem,resulting in abnormal structure of tree-rings. The position of the abnormal structure within tree ring is a time marker for their formation during abrupt extreme events. Such structures include false rings,frost rings,missing rings,light rings,radical crack,fire scars,reaction wood,and traumatic resin duct. These abnormal structures provide a promising approach to better understand growth-climate relations and the physiological processes underlying them. Therefore,they can be used as a climate multi-proxy to reconstruct the history of past climatic extremes and to predict future forest dynamics in a changing climate. We summarized the knowledge of some of the most prominent abnormal types of tree-rings,their characteristics and possible causes,and discussed the application in some extreme climatic events or natural disturbances,highlighting the potential of analyzing the features of these special tree-rings to reconstruct climatic change history.
As an important indicator reflecting climatic changes,tree-rings have been widely used in the research of chronology,paleoclimatology,and paleoecology. Annual tree rings are considered as a consequence of the cambial activity and cell differentiation which are significantly associated with environmental variables. Under particularly adverse conditions,the cambial division and growth would be limited or inactive,no xylem or incomplete lignification or damaged cells may be produced in parts of the stem,resulting in abnormal structure of tree-rings. The position of the abnormal structure within tree ring is a time marker for their formation during abrupt extreme events. Such structures include false rings,frost rings,missing rings,light rings,radical crack,fire scars,reaction wood,and traumatic resin duct. These abnormal structures provide a promising approach to better understand growth-climate relations and the physiological processes underlying them. Therefore,they can be used as a climate multi-proxy to reconstruct the history of past climatic extremes and to predict future forest dynamics in a changing climate. We summarized the knowledge of some of the most prominent abnormal types of tree-rings,their characteristics and possible causes,and discussed the application in some extreme climatic events or natural disturbances,highlighting the potential of analyzing the features of these special tree-rings to reconstruct climatic change history.
引文
曹受金,曹福祥,祁承经,等.2010.气候变化对树轮异常结构的影响及应用研究进展.生态环境学报,19(2):494-498.
付玉,韩用顺,张扬建,等.2014.树线对气候变化响应的研究进展.生态学杂志,33(3):799-805.
盖学瑞,于大炮,王守乐,等.2017.树轮-气候“分异问题”形成机制的研究进展.生态学杂志,36(11):281-288.
黄磊,邵雪梅,刘洪滨,等.2010.树轮记录的青海柴达木盆地过去2800年来的极端干旱事件.气候与环境研究,15(4):379-387.
蒋子堃,王永栋,田宁,等.2016.辽西北票中晚侏罗世髫髻山组木化石的古气候、古环境和古生态意义.地质学报,90(8):1669-1678.
李明启,邵雪梅.2016.基于树轮资料初探过去千年强火山喷发与青藏高原东部温度变化关系.地球科学进展,31(6):634-642.
秦大河.2015.中国极端天气气候事件和灾害风险管理与适应国家评估报告.北京:科学出版社.
邵雪梅,黄磊,刘洪滨,等.2004.树轮记录的青海德令哈地区千年降水变化.中国科学:地球科学,34(2):145-153.
苏凯,白红英,张扬,等.2018.基于树轮-气候资料的160多年来秦岭太白山降水变化特征重建.生态学杂志,37(5):1467-1475.
吴祥定.1990.树木年轮分析在环境变化研究中的应用.第四纪研究,10(2):188-196.
徐鹏,朱海峰,邵雪梅,等.2012.树轮揭示的藏东南米堆冰川小冰期以来的进退历史.中国科学:地球科学,42(3):380-389.
朱良军,李宗善,王晓春.2017.树轮木质部解剖特征及其与环境变化的关系.植物生态学报,41(2):238-251.
Barinov VV,Myglan VS,Nazarov AN,et al.2016.Extreme climatic events in the Altai Republic according to dendrochronological data.Biology Bulletin,43:152-161.
Barinov VV,Myglan VS,Taynik AV,et al.2015.Extreme climatic events in the Republic of Tuva according to tree-ring analysis.Contemporary Problems of Ecology,8:414-422.
Brauning A,Deridder M,Zafirov N,et al.2016.Tree-ring features:Indicators of extreme event impacts.IAWA Journal,37:206-231.
Butler DR,Sawyer CF.2008.Dendrogeomorphology and highmagnitude snow avalanches:A review and case study.Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences,8:303-309.
Camarero JJ,Gazol A,Sanguesa-Barreda G,et al.2015.To die or not to die:Early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought.Journal of Ecology,103:44-57.
Campelo F,Nabais C,Freitas H,et al.2007.Climatic significance of tree-ring width and intra-annual density fluctuations in Pinus pinea,from a dry Mediterranean area in Portugal.Annals of Forest Science,64:229-238.
Caroline L,John H,Nicholas S,et al.2016.Missing rings,synchronous growth,and ecological disturbance in a 36-year pitch pine(Pinus rigida)provenance study.PLo SONE,11:e0154730.
Casteller A,Stockli V,Villalba R,et al.2007.An evaluation of dendroecological indicators of snow avalanches in the Swiss Alps.Arctic,Antarctic&Alpine Research,39:218-228.
Cherubini P,Schweingruber FH,Forster T.1997.Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers.Trees,11:216-222.
Clark PW,Speer JH,Winship LJ.2017.Identifying and separating pandora moth outbreaks and climate from a 1500-year ponderosa pine chronology from central Oregon.Tree-Ring Research,73:113-125.
Copenheaver CA,Matiuk JD,Nolan LJ,et al.2017.False ring formation in bald cypress(Taxodium distichum).Wetlands,37:1-8.
Copini P,Ouden JD,Robert EMR,et al.2016.Flood-ring formation and root development in response to experimental flooding of young Quercus robur trees.Frontiers in Plant Science,7:1-14.
D’Arrigo R,Frank D,Jacoby G,et al.2001.Spatial response to major volcanic events in or about AD 536,934 and1258:Frost rings and other dendrochronological evidence from Mongolia and Northern Siberia:Comment on R.B.Stothers,‘Volcanic dry fogs,climate cooling,and plague pandemics in Eur.Climatic Change,49:239-246.
D’Arrigo R,Wilson R,Anchukaitis KJ.2013.Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118:9000-9010.
Dittmar C,Fricke W,Elling W.2006.Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech(Fagus sylvatical.)in southern Germany.European Journal of Forest Research,125:249-259.
Du S,Yamamoto F.2010.An overview of the biology of reaction wood formation.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,49:131-143.
Dukes JSDS,Pontius JP,Orwig DO,et al.2009.Responses of insect pests,pathogens,and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America:What can we predict?Canadian Journal of Forest Research,39:231-248(18).
Filion L,Payette S,Gauthier L,et al.1986.Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendrochronological tool.Quaternary Research,26:272-279.
Fisher JB,Stevenson JW.1981.Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture.Botanical Gazette,142:82-95.
Fritts HC.1976.Tree Rings and Climate.London:Academic Press.
Fuster MDMG,Jubells CS,Pastor BM.2017.Short communication:Many missing rings in old Canary pines can be related with age,fires and traditional uses.Forest Systems,26:e SC02.
Gardiner B,Barnett J,Saranpaa P,et al.2014.The Biology of Reaction Wood.Heidelberg:Springer.
Genova M,Mayer P,Ballesteros-Canovas J,et al.2015.Multidisciplinary study of flash floods in the Caldera de Tabuiente National Park(Canary Islands,Spain).Catena,131:22-34.
Germain D,Filion L,Hetu B.2005.Snow avalanche activity after fire and logging disturbances,northern Gaspe Peninsula,Quebec,Canada.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,42:2103-2116.
Girardin MP,Tardif J,Bergeron Y.2001.Radial growth analysis of Larix laricina from the Lake Duparquet area,Quebec,in relation to climate and larch sawfly outbreaks.Ecoscience,8:127-138.
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Gurskaya MA.2017.Use of larch light rings for an evaluation of volcanic explosivity index.Izvestiya Atmospheric&Oceanic Physics,53:769-780.
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盖学瑞,于大炮,王守乐,等.2017.树轮-气候“分异问题”形成机制的研究进展.生态学杂志,36(11):281-288.
黄磊,邵雪梅,刘洪滨,等.2010.树轮记录的青海柴达木盆地过去2800年来的极端干旱事件.气候与环境研究,15(4):379-387.
蒋子堃,王永栋,田宁,等.2016.辽西北票中晚侏罗世髫髻山组木化石的古气候、古环境和古生态意义.地质学报,90(8):1669-1678.
李明启,邵雪梅.2016.基于树轮资料初探过去千年强火山喷发与青藏高原东部温度变化关系.地球科学进展,31(6):634-642.
秦大河.2015.中国极端天气气候事件和灾害风险管理与适应国家评估报告.北京:科学出版社.
邵雪梅,黄磊,刘洪滨,等.2004.树轮记录的青海德令哈地区千年降水变化.中国科学:地球科学,34(2):145-153.
苏凯,白红英,张扬,等.2018.基于树轮-气候资料的160多年来秦岭太白山降水变化特征重建.生态学杂志,37(5):1467-1475.
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徐鹏,朱海峰,邵雪梅,等.2012.树轮揭示的藏东南米堆冰川小冰期以来的进退历史.中国科学:地球科学,42(3):380-389.
朱良军,李宗善,王晓春.2017.树轮木质部解剖特征及其与环境变化的关系.植物生态学报,41(2):238-251.
Barinov VV,Myglan VS,Nazarov AN,et al.2016.Extreme climatic events in the Altai Republic according to dendrochronological data.Biology Bulletin,43:152-161.
Barinov VV,Myglan VS,Taynik AV,et al.2015.Extreme climatic events in the Republic of Tuva according to tree-ring analysis.Contemporary Problems of Ecology,8:414-422.
Brauning A,Deridder M,Zafirov N,et al.2016.Tree-ring features:Indicators of extreme event impacts.IAWA Journal,37:206-231.
Butler DR,Sawyer CF.2008.Dendrogeomorphology and highmagnitude snow avalanches:A review and case study.Natural Hazards&Earth System Sciences,8:303-309.
Camarero JJ,Gazol A,Sanguesa-Barreda G,et al.2015.To die or not to die:Early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought.Journal of Ecology,103:44-57.
Campelo F,Nabais C,Freitas H,et al.2007.Climatic significance of tree-ring width and intra-annual density fluctuations in Pinus pinea,from a dry Mediterranean area in Portugal.Annals of Forest Science,64:229-238.
Caroline L,John H,Nicholas S,et al.2016.Missing rings,synchronous growth,and ecological disturbance in a 36-year pitch pine(Pinus rigida)provenance study.PLo SONE,11:e0154730.
Casteller A,Stockli V,Villalba R,et al.2007.An evaluation of dendroecological indicators of snow avalanches in the Swiss Alps.Arctic,Antarctic&Alpine Research,39:218-228.
Cherubini P,Schweingruber FH,Forster T.1997.Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers.Trees,11:216-222.
Clark PW,Speer JH,Winship LJ.2017.Identifying and separating pandora moth outbreaks and climate from a 1500-year ponderosa pine chronology from central Oregon.Tree-Ring Research,73:113-125.
Copenheaver CA,Matiuk JD,Nolan LJ,et al.2017.False ring formation in bald cypress(Taxodium distichum).Wetlands,37:1-8.
Copini P,Ouden JD,Robert EMR,et al.2016.Flood-ring formation and root development in response to experimental flooding of young Quercus robur trees.Frontiers in Plant Science,7:1-14.
D’Arrigo R,Frank D,Jacoby G,et al.2001.Spatial response to major volcanic events in or about AD 536,934 and1258:Frost rings and other dendrochronological evidence from Mongolia and Northern Siberia:Comment on R.B.Stothers,‘Volcanic dry fogs,climate cooling,and plague pandemics in Eur.Climatic Change,49:239-246.
D’Arrigo R,Wilson R,Anchukaitis KJ.2013.Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118:9000-9010.
Dittmar C,Fricke W,Elling W.2006.Impact of late frost events on radial growth of common beech(Fagus sylvatical.)in southern Germany.European Journal of Forest Research,125:249-259.
Du S,Yamamoto F.2010.An overview of the biology of reaction wood formation.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,49:131-143.
Dukes JSDS,Pontius JP,Orwig DO,et al.2009.Responses of insect pests,pathogens,and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America:What can we predict?Canadian Journal of Forest Research,39:231-248(18).
Filion L,Payette S,Gauthier L,et al.1986.Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendrochronological tool.Quaternary Research,26:272-279.
Fisher JB,Stevenson JW.1981.Occurrence of reaction wood in branches of dicotyledons and its role in tree architecture.Botanical Gazette,142:82-95.
Fritts HC.1976.Tree Rings and Climate.London:Academic Press.
Fuster MDMG,Jubells CS,Pastor BM.2017.Short communication:Many missing rings in old Canary pines can be related with age,fires and traditional uses.Forest Systems,26:e SC02.
Gardiner B,Barnett J,Saranpaa P,et al.2014.The Biology of Reaction Wood.Heidelberg:Springer.
Genova M,Mayer P,Ballesteros-Canovas J,et al.2015.Multidisciplinary study of flash floods in the Caldera de Tabuiente National Park(Canary Islands,Spain).Catena,131:22-34.
Germain D,Filion L,Hetu B.2005.Snow avalanche activity after fire and logging disturbances,northern Gaspe Peninsula,Quebec,Canada.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,42:2103-2116.
Girardin MP,Tardif J,Bergeron Y.2001.Radial growth analysis of Larix laricina from the Lake Duparquet area,Quebec,in relation to climate and larch sawfly outbreaks.Ecoscience,8:127-138.
Glerum C,Farrar JL.1966.Frost ring formation in the stems of some coniferous species.Revue Canadienne De Botanique,44:879-886.
Glock WS,Reed EL.1940.Multiple growth layers in the annual increments of certain trees at Lubbock,Texas.Science,91:98-99.
Glock WS.1951.Cambial frost injuries and multiple growth layers at Lubbock,Texas.Ecology,32:28-36.
Grabner M,Cherubini P,Rozenberg P,et al.2006.Summer drought and low earlywood density induce intra-annual radial cracks in conifers.Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,21:151-157.
Guillet S,Corona C,Stoffel M,et al.2017.Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records.Nature Geoscience,10:123-128.
Gurskaya MA.2014.Temperature conditions of the formation of frost damages in conifer trees in the high latitudes of Western Siberia.Biology Bulletin,41:187-196.
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