秸秆堆腐物的基质化改良及育苗效应研究
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摘要
文章针对农作物秸秆制备栽培基质的pH、EC值偏高和通气、持水孔隙度比例不当等问题,研究了稻草秸秆基质化利用过程理化性质的改良技术。以稻草秸秆、菇渣高温堆制及其堆腐物为常规对照,采用在高温好氧堆腐及穴盘育苗试验的方法,研究酒糟添加及物料组成对基质理化性质、幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在堆腐阶段稻草秸秆+菇渣+酒糟处理的堆腐高温(>50℃)维持天数较稻草秸秆+菇渣处理多13 d(P<0.05),平均堆腐温度较稻草秸秆+菇渣高9.3℃(P<0.05),稻草秸秆+菇渣+酒糟处理较稻草秸秆+菇渣处理腐熟物pH、EC值分别下降14.0%、16.5%,稻草秸秆+菇渣+酒糟处理提高了堆肥体的起始发芽指数;与对照相比稻草秸秆+菇渣+酒糟处理促进了堆腐进程,腐熟物更适宜于基质应用。2种腐熟物分别组配无机物珍珠岩后,均显著降低了EC值(P<0.05),通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度等物理性质也得到改善(P<0.05),综合幼苗地上、地下部生长特性,稻草秸秆+菇渣+酒糟处理组配珍珠岩后的育苗效果优于对照。采用农作物秸秆堆腐制备基质时,酒糟的加入能有效改善腐熟物中pH、EC值等不良理化性质,为农业废弃物的基质化利用提供了方法。
To solve the high pH and EC value as well as the inappropriate aeration and porosity in straws and mushroom residue preparation and cultivation substrates, the improvement of the physicochemical properties of rice straw matrix was studied during the process of utilization. To determine the effect of alcohol addition and material composition on the physicochemical properties of the substrate and seedling growth, the method of high temperature and aerobic composting as well as seedling raising were used, with the straw mixed with mushroom residue as control(CK). The results showed that during composting,the duration of high temperature(>50 ℃), the straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment maintained 13 days more than that of straw + mushroom treatment(P<0.05), the average heap rot temperature was 9.3 ℃ higher than straw + mushroom treatment(P<0.05). Straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment decreased the pH and EC value by 14.0% and 16.5%,respectively, and increased the index of initial germination. Compared with the control, straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment promoted the composting process, which is more suitable for matrix application. Two fermented substrate mixed with inorganic perlite both significantly decreased EC value(P<0.05). The physicochemical properties such as the vent porosity and water holding porosity were improved(P<0.05). From the perspective of seedling shoot and root growth, straw + mushroom + distillers' grain combined with inorganic perlite treatment showed better performance than CK. The addition of distiller's grains can effectively improve pH, EC and other undesirable physicochemical properties of the decomposed materials,providing a method for the use of agricultural waste as a substrate.
To solve the high pH and EC value as well as the inappropriate aeration and porosity in straws and mushroom residue preparation and cultivation substrates, the improvement of the physicochemical properties of rice straw matrix was studied during the process of utilization. To determine the effect of alcohol addition and material composition on the physicochemical properties of the substrate and seedling growth, the method of high temperature and aerobic composting as well as seedling raising were used, with the straw mixed with mushroom residue as control(CK). The results showed that during composting,the duration of high temperature(>50 ℃), the straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment maintained 13 days more than that of straw + mushroom treatment(P<0.05), the average heap rot temperature was 9.3 ℃ higher than straw + mushroom treatment(P<0.05). Straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment decreased the pH and EC value by 14.0% and 16.5%,respectively, and increased the index of initial germination. Compared with the control, straw + mushroom + distillers' grain treatment promoted the composting process, which is more suitable for matrix application. Two fermented substrate mixed with inorganic perlite both significantly decreased EC value(P<0.05). The physicochemical properties such as the vent porosity and water holding porosity were improved(P<0.05). From the perspective of seedling shoot and root growth, straw + mushroom + distillers' grain combined with inorganic perlite treatment showed better performance than CK. The addition of distiller's grains can effectively improve pH, EC and other undesirable physicochemical properties of the decomposed materials,providing a method for the use of agricultural waste as a substrate.
引文
[1]郭世荣.固体栽培基质研究、开发现状及发展趋势[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(S):1-4.Guo Shirong. Research progress, current exploitations and developing trends of solid cultivation medium[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(S):1-4.
[2]时连辉,张志国,刘登民,等.菇渣和泥炭基质理化特性比较及其调节[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):199-203.Shi Lianhui, Zhang Zhiguo, Liu Dengmin, et al. Comparison of physiochemical properties between spent mushroom compost and peat substrate and adjustment[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(4):199-203.
[3]孙守如,杨秋生,董晓宇,等.玉米秸有机栽培基质矿质营养及理化性质分析[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6):41-44.Sun Shouru, Yang Qiusheng, Dong Xiaoyu, et al. Analysis of mineral element contents and physical and chemical properties of com stalk substrate[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(6):41-44.
[4]范如芹,罗佳,高岩,等.农业废弃物的基质化利用研究进展[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(2):442-448.Fan Ruqin, Luo Jia, Gao Yan, et al. Advances in utilization of agricultural wastes in soilless growing medium production[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Science, 2014, 30(2):442-448.
[5] Wever G, Van der B, Straatsma G. Potential of adapted mushroom compost as a growing medium in horticulture[J].Acta Hort, 2005,697:171-177.
[6]林天杰,黄建春,龚宗浩,等.稻草发酵过程理化性质变化及其作为栽培基质的研究[J].上海农学院学报,2000,18(2):101-106.Lin Tianjie, Huang Jianchun, Gong Zonghao, et al. Study on the physical and chemical characteristics changes of straw during its fermentation process and applied as a soilless growing media[J]. Journal of Shanghai Agricultural College,2000,18(2):101-106.
[7]张建波,蒙宇,周玉锋,等.不同腐熟稻草基质的理化性质及淋溶液养分变化研究[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(2):556-559.Zhang Jianbo, Meng Yu, Zhou Yufeng, et al. Study on physical and chemical properties of different decomposed rice straw media and dynamics of nutrients in leaching solution[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science, 2011,24(2):556-559.
[8]李佳莹,刘聪.基于有机物料高效利用的非草炭型果菜育苗基质配方比较试验[J].北方园艺,2017(7):7-12.Li Jiaying, Liu Cong. Comparison test of substrate formula for non-peat vegetable seedling based on ecological uses of efficient utilization of organic materials[J]. Northern Horticulture,2017(7):7-12.
[9]王吉庆,赵月平,刘超杰.水浸泡玉米秸基质对番茄育苗效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):276-281.Wang Jiqing, Zhao Yueping, Liu Chaojie. Effects of watersoaked corn stalk substrate on tomato seedling culture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011,27(3):276-281.
[10]曹云娥,马双燕,黄学春.农业有机废料发酵对有机栽培基质的效果研究[J].北方园艺, 2011(21):13-16.Cao Yun'e, Ma Shuangyan, Huang Xuechun, et al. The effect of different organic wasted as eco-organic soilless cultivivation substrate[J]. Northern Horticulture,2011(21):13-16.
[11]连兆煌.无土栽培原理与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992:56-60.Lian Zhaohuang. Soilless Cultivation Principle and Technology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 1992:56-60.
[12]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:12-193.Lu Rukun. Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:12-193.
[13]杨红丽,王子崇,张慎璞,等.农业有机废弃物发酵基质番茄育苗的试验研究[J].中国农学通,2009,25(18):304-307.Yang Hongli, Wang Zichong, Zhang Shenpu, et al. Study on tomato seedlings in fermentation substrate of agricultural organic wastes[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(18):304-307.
[14]李谦盛,卜崇兴,叶军,等.芦苇末基质应用于番茄穴盘育苗的配比优化[J].上海农业学报,2003,19(4):73-75.Li Qiansheng, Pu Chongxing, Ye Jun, et al. Optimization of reed residue substrate formula for tomato plug seeding production[J]. Acta Agricultural Shanghai, 2003,19(4):73-75.
[15]鲍艳宇,陈佳广,颜丽,等.堆肥过程中基本条件的控制[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1):164-168.Bao Yanyu, Chen Jiaguang, Yan Li, et al. Fundamental conditions of composting[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):164-168.
[16] GB 7959-87,粪便无害化卫生标准[S].GB 7959-87, Hygiene Standards for Manure[S].
[17]赵明梅,牛明芬,何随成,等.不同微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(S):587-590.Zhao Mingmei, Niu Mingfen, He Suicheng, et al. Effects of inoculating different microorganism agents on composting of cow manure[J]. Journal of Agro-environment Science,2007,26(S):587-590.
[18]魏自民,席北斗,赵越,等.生活垃圾微生物强化技术堆肥技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008:5.Wei Zimin, Xi Beidou, Zhao Yue, et al. Domestic Refuse Microbial Strengthening Composting Technology[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2008:5.
[19]赵有才.生活垃圾资源化原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.Zhao Youcai. The Principle and Technology of Resource Recycling[M]. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2002.
[20] Zuceoni F, Monaco A, Fore M, et al. Phytotoxins During the Stabilization of Organic Matter[R]//Gasser J K R,ed. Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. London:Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1985:73-86.
[21]潘静娴,黄丹,王世平,等.育苗基质pH对甜瓜穴盘苗营养特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):251-253.Pan Jingxian, Huang Dan, Wang Shiping, et al. Effects of pH of nursery substrates on nutrient characteristics of melon plug seedlings[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2002,8(2):251-253.
[22] Cao C T N, Farrell C, Kristiansen P E, et al. Biochar makes green roof substrates lighter and improves water supply to plants[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2014,71(7):368-374.
[23]吴银宝,汪植三,廖新悌,等.猪粪堆肥腐熟指标的研究[J].农业环境科学,2003,22(2):189-193.Wu Yinbao, Wang Zhisan, Liao Xindi, et al. Study on mature index of composting swine manure[J]. Agro-environment Science, 2003,22(2):189-193.
[24]李永胜,杜建军,谢勇,等.保水剂对基质持水保肥及番茄生长的影响[J].长江蔬菜,2006(8):57-58.Li Yongsheng, Du Jianjun, Xie Yong, et al. Effect of water retaining agent on water retention and fertilizer growth of tomato and tomato growth[J]. Yangtze River Vegetables, 2006(8):57-58.
[25] Farrell C, Ang X Q, Ravner J P. Water-retention additives increase plant available water in green roof substrates[J].Ecological Engineering, 2013,52(1):12-18.
[26]龚小强,孙向阳,田赟,等.复合型有机改良剂对园林废弃物堆肥基质改良研究[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(2):196-201.Gong Xiaoqiang, Sun Xiangyang, Tian Yun, et al. Application of organic composite ameliorants on the green wastes compost substrate[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2013,28(2):196-201.
[27]周新伟,王海候,,施林林,等.水葫芦对黄瓜育苗基质商品组分的替代效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(25):201-206.Zhou Xinwei, Wang Haihou, Shi Linlin, et al. Study on the substitution effect of Eichharnia crassipes on cucumber seedling substrate[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014,30(25):201-206.
[28]郁继华.蔬菜基质栽培原料发酵及复配技术[J].中国蔬菜,2013(17):35-36.Yu Jihua. Composting and compounded technology for substrate cultivation material for vegetables[J]. Chinese Vegetable, 2013(17):35-36.
[2]时连辉,张志国,刘登民,等.菇渣和泥炭基质理化特性比较及其调节[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):199-203.Shi Lianhui, Zhang Zhiguo, Liu Dengmin, et al. Comparison of physiochemical properties between spent mushroom compost and peat substrate and adjustment[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(4):199-203.
[3]孙守如,杨秋生,董晓宇,等.玉米秸有机栽培基质矿质营养及理化性质分析[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(6):41-44.Sun Shouru, Yang Qiusheng, Dong Xiaoyu, et al. Analysis of mineral element contents and physical and chemical properties of com stalk substrate[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008,24(6):41-44.
[4]范如芹,罗佳,高岩,等.农业废弃物的基质化利用研究进展[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(2):442-448.Fan Ruqin, Luo Jia, Gao Yan, et al. Advances in utilization of agricultural wastes in soilless growing medium production[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Science, 2014, 30(2):442-448.
[5] Wever G, Van der B, Straatsma G. Potential of adapted mushroom compost as a growing medium in horticulture[J].Acta Hort, 2005,697:171-177.
[6]林天杰,黄建春,龚宗浩,等.稻草发酵过程理化性质变化及其作为栽培基质的研究[J].上海农学院学报,2000,18(2):101-106.Lin Tianjie, Huang Jianchun, Gong Zonghao, et al. Study on the physical and chemical characteristics changes of straw during its fermentation process and applied as a soilless growing media[J]. Journal of Shanghai Agricultural College,2000,18(2):101-106.
[7]张建波,蒙宇,周玉锋,等.不同腐熟稻草基质的理化性质及淋溶液养分变化研究[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(2):556-559.Zhang Jianbo, Meng Yu, Zhou Yufeng, et al. Study on physical and chemical properties of different decomposed rice straw media and dynamics of nutrients in leaching solution[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science, 2011,24(2):556-559.
[8]李佳莹,刘聪.基于有机物料高效利用的非草炭型果菜育苗基质配方比较试验[J].北方园艺,2017(7):7-12.Li Jiaying, Liu Cong. Comparison test of substrate formula for non-peat vegetable seedling based on ecological uses of efficient utilization of organic materials[J]. Northern Horticulture,2017(7):7-12.
[9]王吉庆,赵月平,刘超杰.水浸泡玉米秸基质对番茄育苗效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):276-281.Wang Jiqing, Zhao Yueping, Liu Chaojie. Effects of watersoaked corn stalk substrate on tomato seedling culture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011,27(3):276-281.
[10]曹云娥,马双燕,黄学春.农业有机废料发酵对有机栽培基质的效果研究[J].北方园艺, 2011(21):13-16.Cao Yun'e, Ma Shuangyan, Huang Xuechun, et al. The effect of different organic wasted as eco-organic soilless cultivivation substrate[J]. Northern Horticulture,2011(21):13-16.
[11]连兆煌.无土栽培原理与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1992:56-60.Lian Zhaohuang. Soilless Cultivation Principle and Technology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 1992:56-60.
[12]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:12-193.Lu Rukun. Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:12-193.
[13]杨红丽,王子崇,张慎璞,等.农业有机废弃物发酵基质番茄育苗的试验研究[J].中国农学通,2009,25(18):304-307.Yang Hongli, Wang Zichong, Zhang Shenpu, et al. Study on tomato seedlings in fermentation substrate of agricultural organic wastes[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(18):304-307.
[14]李谦盛,卜崇兴,叶军,等.芦苇末基质应用于番茄穴盘育苗的配比优化[J].上海农业学报,2003,19(4):73-75.Li Qiansheng, Pu Chongxing, Ye Jun, et al. Optimization of reed residue substrate formula for tomato plug seeding production[J]. Acta Agricultural Shanghai, 2003,19(4):73-75.
[15]鲍艳宇,陈佳广,颜丽,等.堆肥过程中基本条件的控制[J].土壤通报,2006,37(1):164-168.Bao Yanyu, Chen Jiaguang, Yan Li, et al. Fundamental conditions of composting[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):164-168.
[16] GB 7959-87,粪便无害化卫生标准[S].GB 7959-87, Hygiene Standards for Manure[S].
[17]赵明梅,牛明芬,何随成,等.不同微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(S):587-590.Zhao Mingmei, Niu Mingfen, He Suicheng, et al. Effects of inoculating different microorganism agents on composting of cow manure[J]. Journal of Agro-environment Science,2007,26(S):587-590.
[18]魏自民,席北斗,赵越,等.生活垃圾微生物强化技术堆肥技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008:5.Wei Zimin, Xi Beidou, Zhao Yue, et al. Domestic Refuse Microbial Strengthening Composting Technology[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2008:5.
[19]赵有才.生活垃圾资源化原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.Zhao Youcai. The Principle and Technology of Resource Recycling[M]. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2002.
[20] Zuceoni F, Monaco A, Fore M, et al. Phytotoxins During the Stabilization of Organic Matter[R]//Gasser J K R,ed. Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. London:Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1985:73-86.
[21]潘静娴,黄丹,王世平,等.育苗基质pH对甜瓜穴盘苗营养特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):251-253.Pan Jingxian, Huang Dan, Wang Shiping, et al. Effects of pH of nursery substrates on nutrient characteristics of melon plug seedlings[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2002,8(2):251-253.
[22] Cao C T N, Farrell C, Kristiansen P E, et al. Biochar makes green roof substrates lighter and improves water supply to plants[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2014,71(7):368-374.
[23]吴银宝,汪植三,廖新悌,等.猪粪堆肥腐熟指标的研究[J].农业环境科学,2003,22(2):189-193.Wu Yinbao, Wang Zhisan, Liao Xindi, et al. Study on mature index of composting swine manure[J]. Agro-environment Science, 2003,22(2):189-193.
[24]李永胜,杜建军,谢勇,等.保水剂对基质持水保肥及番茄生长的影响[J].长江蔬菜,2006(8):57-58.Li Yongsheng, Du Jianjun, Xie Yong, et al. Effect of water retaining agent on water retention and fertilizer growth of tomato and tomato growth[J]. Yangtze River Vegetables, 2006(8):57-58.
[25] Farrell C, Ang X Q, Ravner J P. Water-retention additives increase plant available water in green roof substrates[J].Ecological Engineering, 2013,52(1):12-18.
[26]龚小强,孙向阳,田赟,等.复合型有机改良剂对园林废弃物堆肥基质改良研究[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(2):196-201.Gong Xiaoqiang, Sun Xiangyang, Tian Yun, et al. Application of organic composite ameliorants on the green wastes compost substrate[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2013,28(2):196-201.
[27]周新伟,王海候,,施林林,等.水葫芦对黄瓜育苗基质商品组分的替代效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(25):201-206.Zhou Xinwei, Wang Haihou, Shi Linlin, et al. Study on the substitution effect of Eichharnia crassipes on cucumber seedling substrate[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014,30(25):201-206.
[28]郁继华.蔬菜基质栽培原料发酵及复配技术[J].中国蔬菜,2013(17):35-36.Yu Jihua. Composting and compounded technology for substrate cultivation material for vegetables[J]. Chinese Vegetable, 2013(17):35-36.
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