海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议
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摘要
海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一,已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注,并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一,亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度,阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施,以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施,介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究,从科学研究和管理控制两个方面,进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题,如方法学(采集、预处理和分析)的差异性,来源、输运与归趋尚不明确,生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议:(1)深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学(样本采集、预处理和分析)问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等;(2)支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次(太平洋和印度洋等),系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究;(3)研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术,制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施;(4)建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系,以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注.
Marine plastic debris is one of the most urgent global marine environmental concerns,drawing increasing attention globally from governments,the public,scientists,media and non-governmental organizations,and has become an important topic in current marine ecology and environmental research. In terms of the characterization,source and fate of plastic debris in water bodies,sediments and biota,this paper gives brief review on the research advances on the distribution,potential ecological risks,control measures for marine plastic debris and microplastics in different counties and relevant laws,regulations and conventions proposed by governments and nongovernmental organizations. Given the lack of understanding on distribution of microplastics and ecological risk assessment system,this paper points out the existing problems in the methodology( collection,pretreatment and analysis),source and fate,ecological risk assessment and laws,regulations and policies of marine microplastics in scientific research and pollution management. Meanwhile,standardized methods,verified systematic ecological risk assessment models and relevant laws and regulations have not been well developed or established. The following suggestions on future research and management are put forward:( 1) Unified and consistent analysis methods with international standards should soon developed,including the sampling,pretreatment and analysis; accurate estimation of microplastics input from terrestrial environment; potential ecological risk under environmental concentration.( 2) Support for marine plastic debris and microplastics research in open sea voyages( Pacific and Indian Ocean),and systematic research on marine microplastics in riverine systems,deep sea basins and polar regions should be carried out.( 3) Develop filtration system to recover plastic debris and microplastics in aquatic environment; establish relevant laws and policy to better manage plastic waste on land.( 4) Improve public education system on marine plastic debris pollution to build awareness and call for public's attention to marine pollution.
Marine plastic debris is one of the most urgent global marine environmental concerns,drawing increasing attention globally from governments,the public,scientists,media and non-governmental organizations,and has become an important topic in current marine ecology and environmental research. In terms of the characterization,source and fate of plastic debris in water bodies,sediments and biota,this paper gives brief review on the research advances on the distribution,potential ecological risks,control measures for marine plastic debris and microplastics in different counties and relevant laws,regulations and conventions proposed by governments and nongovernmental organizations. Given the lack of understanding on distribution of microplastics and ecological risk assessment system,this paper points out the existing problems in the methodology( collection,pretreatment and analysis),source and fate,ecological risk assessment and laws,regulations and policies of marine microplastics in scientific research and pollution management. Meanwhile,standardized methods,verified systematic ecological risk assessment models and relevant laws and regulations have not been well developed or established. The following suggestions on future research and management are put forward:( 1) Unified and consistent analysis methods with international standards should soon developed,including the sampling,pretreatment and analysis; accurate estimation of microplastics input from terrestrial environment; potential ecological risk under environmental concentration.( 2) Support for marine plastic debris and microplastics research in open sea voyages( Pacific and Indian Ocean),and systematic research on marine microplastics in riverine systems,deep sea basins and polar regions should be carried out.( 3) Develop filtration system to recover plastic debris and microplastics in aquatic environment; establish relevant laws and policy to better manage plastic waste on land.( 4) Improve public education system on marine plastic debris pollution to build awareness and call for public's attention to marine pollution.
引文
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[14] CRAWFORD C B,QUINN B. Microplastic pollutants[M].Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Elsevier,2017:211-212.
[15] COZAR A,ECHEVARRIA F,GONZALEZ-GORDILLO J I,et al.Plastic debris in the open ocean[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2014,111(28):10239-10244.
[16] LEBRETON L,SLAT B,FERRARI F,et al.Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):4666.
[17] ALLSOPP M,WALTERS A,SANTILLO D,et al.Plastic debris in the world's oceans[M]. Nairobi, Kenya:United Nations Environment Programme,2006:49-50.
[18] FENDALL L S,SEWELL M A.Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(8):1225-1228.
[19] BROWNE M A. Marine anthropogenic litter[M]. New York,America:Springer,2015:229-244.
[20] TER HALLE A,LADIRAT L,GENDRE X,et al.Understanding the fragmentation pattern of marine plastic debris[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(11):5668-5675.
[21] WRIGHT S L,THOMPSON R C,GALLOWAY T S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[22] NAJI A,NURI M,VETHAAK A D.Microplastics contamination in molluscs from the northern part of the Persian Gulf[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,235:113-120.
[23] YANG Dongqi,SHI Huahong,LI Lan,et al. Microplastic pollution in table salts from China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(22):13622-13627.
[24] KARAMI A,GOLIESKARDI A,CHOO C K,et al.The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:46173.
[25] DRIS R,GASPERJ J,SAAD M,et al. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout:a source of microplastics in the environment?[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104(1/2):290-293.
[26] DRIS R,GASPERI J,MIRANDE C,et al.A first overview of textile fibers,including microplastics,in indoor and outdoor environments[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,221:453-458.
[27] LAW K L,THOMPSON R C.Microplastics in the seas[J].Science,2014,345(6193):144-145.
[28] ZHAO Shiye,ZHU Lixin,WANG Teng,et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System,China:first observations on occurrence,distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1/2):562-568.
[29] ZHAO Shiye,ZHU Lixin,LI Daoji. Microplastic in three urban estuaries,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:597-604.
[30] ZHANG Weiwei,ZHANG Shoufeng,WANG Juying,et al.Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:541-548.
[31] ZHU Lin,BAI Huayu,CHEN Bijuan,et al.Microplastic pollution in North Yellow Sea,China:observations on occurrence,distribution and identification[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:20-29.
[32] JABEEN K,SU Lei,LI Jiana,et al.Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,221:141-149.
[33] LI Jiana,QU Xiaoyun,SU Lei,et al.Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:177-184.
[2] Plastics Europe. Plastics-the facts 2017:an analysis of European plastics production,demand and waste data[EB/OL]. Brussels:Association of Plastic Manufacturer,2017[2018-07-30]. http://www. plasticseurope. org/en/resources/publications/plastics-facts-20https://www.baidu. com/index. php? tn=98012088_4_dg&ch=1217.htm.
[3] JAMBECK J R,GEYER R,WILCOX C,et al.Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean[J].Science,2015,347(6223):768-771.
[4] LEBRETON L C M,VAN DER ZWET J,DAMSTEEG J W,et al.River plastic emissions to the world's oceans[J]. Nature Communications,2017,8:15611.
[5] GALLOWAY T S,LEWIS C N. Marine microplastics spell big problems for future generations[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2016,113(9):2331-2333.
[6] United Nations Environment Programme. The First of United Nations Environment Assembly:sustainable development goals and the post-2015 development agenda, including sustainable consumption and production[C]//The First of United Nations Environment Assembly. Nairobi:United Nations Environment Programme,2014.
[7] United Nations Environment Programme. The Second of United Nations Environment Assembly[C]//The Second of United Nations Environment Assembly. Nairobi:United Nations Environment Programme,2016.
[8] United Nations Environment Programme. The Third of United Nations Environment Assembly[C]//The Third of United Nations Environment Assembly. Nairobi:United Nations Environment Programme,2017.
[9] Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection.Sources,fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment:a global assessment[R]. London:GESAMP,2015.
[10] United Nations Environment Programme.Marine litter vital graphics of the United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal[M].Nairobi:United Nations Environment Programme,2016.
[11] THOMPSON R C,OLSEN Y,MITCHELL R P,et al.Lost at sea:where is all the plastic?[J].Science,2004,304(5672):838.
[12] VAN C L,VANREUSEL A,MEES J,et al.Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments[J]. Environmental Pollution,2013,182:495-499.
[13] LAW K L,MORET-FERGUSON S E,GOODWIN D S,et al.Distribution of surface plastic debris in the eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-year data set[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(9):4732-4738.
[14] CRAWFORD C B,QUINN B. Microplastic pollutants[M].Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Elsevier,2017:211-212.
[15] COZAR A,ECHEVARRIA F,GONZALEZ-GORDILLO J I,et al.Plastic debris in the open ocean[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2014,111(28):10239-10244.
[16] LEBRETON L,SLAT B,FERRARI F,et al.Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):4666.
[17] ALLSOPP M,WALTERS A,SANTILLO D,et al.Plastic debris in the world's oceans[M]. Nairobi, Kenya:United Nations Environment Programme,2006:49-50.
[18] FENDALL L S,SEWELL M A.Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face:microplastics in facial cleansers[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(8):1225-1228.
[19] BROWNE M A. Marine anthropogenic litter[M]. New York,America:Springer,2015:229-244.
[20] TER HALLE A,LADIRAT L,GENDRE X,et al.Understanding the fragmentation pattern of marine plastic debris[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(11):5668-5675.
[21] WRIGHT S L,THOMPSON R C,GALLOWAY T S. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms:a review[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,178:483-492.
[22] NAJI A,NURI M,VETHAAK A D.Microplastics contamination in molluscs from the northern part of the Persian Gulf[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,235:113-120.
[23] YANG Dongqi,SHI Huahong,LI Lan,et al. Microplastic pollution in table salts from China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(22):13622-13627.
[24] KARAMI A,GOLIESKARDI A,CHOO C K,et al.The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:46173.
[25] DRIS R,GASPERJ J,SAAD M,et al. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout:a source of microplastics in the environment?[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2016,104(1/2):290-293.
[26] DRIS R,GASPERI J,MIRANDE C,et al.A first overview of textile fibers,including microplastics,in indoor and outdoor environments[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,221:453-458.
[27] LAW K L,THOMPSON R C.Microplastics in the seas[J].Science,2014,345(6193):144-145.
[28] ZHAO Shiye,ZHU Lixin,WANG Teng,et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System,China:first observations on occurrence,distribution[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,86(1/2):562-568.
[29] ZHAO Shiye,ZHU Lixin,LI Daoji. Microplastic in three urban estuaries,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:597-604.
[30] ZHANG Weiwei,ZHANG Shoufeng,WANG Juying,et al.Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:541-548.
[31] ZHU Lin,BAI Huayu,CHEN Bijuan,et al.Microplastic pollution in North Yellow Sea,China:observations on occurrence,distribution and identification[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:20-29.
[32] JABEEN K,SU Lei,LI Jiana,et al.Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,221:141-149.
[33] LI Jiana,QU Xiaoyun,SU Lei,et al.Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,214:177-184.
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