生物炭和益生菌对桉树幼苗生物量及其林下土壤微生物活性的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究施用益生菌和不同浓度生物炭对桉树幼苗生物量及其林下土壤微生物活性的影响,为调控桉树生长的土壤理化环境提供参考依据。【方法】以桉树幼苗为研究对象,进行2种浓度(20.0和40.0 t/ha)生物炭+5×1010CFU/mL益生菌水平的野外栽培试验,测定分析各处理桉树幼苗的生长量和干生物量、林下土壤微生物数量、土壤氮素含量和土壤酶活性。【结果】单独施用20.0 t/ha生物炭可显著提高桉树幼苗的茎、叶生物量和总生物量(P<0.05,下同),单独施用5×1010CFU/mL益生菌能显著降低桉树幼苗的树高、冠幅、地径、叶生物量和总生物量;单独施用5×1010CFU/mL益生菌或20.0 t/ha生物炭均能显著降低桉树幼苗林下土壤的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,而5×1010CFU/mL益生菌与20.0 t/ha生物炭混施可显著增加桉树幼苗林下土壤真菌数量。因子分析及相关性分析结果表明,土壤放线菌数量与土壤因子[硝态氮(NO3--N)、微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)]呈显著正相关,即微生物数量可反映桉树幼苗林下土壤营养状况和微生物数量;低浓度生物炭处理在各公因子上的得分和排名最高,表明施用适宜浓度生物炭能提升桉树幼苗林下土壤元素的固持能力和微生物数量。【结论】土壤微生物数量与土壤养分含量、酶活性及微生物量碳氮含量等关系密切,施用20.0 t/ha生物炭可显著提高桉树幼苗的根、茎、叶生物量,同时能提高其对林下土壤营养元素的固持能力和微生物量碳氮含量。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of biochar and eucalyptus probiotics on eucalyptus seedling biomass and soil microbial activity under the forest,and provide a reference for the optimum soil physicochemical environment regulation for eucalyptus growth.【Method】Eucalyptus seedlings were research targets. Two concentrations(20.0 and 40.0 t/ha)of biochar+5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics were used to conduct field cultivation test.Growth,dry biomass,soil microbial activity under the forest,soil nitrogen content and soil enzyme activity were detected and analyzed.【Result】Single application of 20.0 t/ha biochar significantly increased stem and foliar biomass(P<0.05,the same below),and single application of 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics significantly decreased seedling height,crown diameter,ground diameter,foliage biomassand total biomass. Catalase(CAT)activity in soil under eucalyptus forest was significantly decreased by 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics and low-level concentration(20.0 t/ha)of biochar.Fungi quantity under eucalyptus forest were significantly increased by mixed application of 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics and 20.0 t/ha biochar. The factorialanalysis and correlation analysis demonstrated that soil actinomyces quantity was significantly positively correlated to soil factor(NO3--N),microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),indicating that soil microbial quantity was able to reflect soil nutrient condition and microbial biomass. What was more,low concentration of biochar treatment ranked and scored the highest on all common factors,indicating that a suitable concentration of biochar increased the retention capacity of soil nutrient and soil microbial biomass under eucalyptus forest.【Conclusion】Soil microbial quantity is highly related to soil available nutrient content,enzyme activity,MBC and MBN. The biomass of eucalyptus root,stem and leaf can be significantly increased by 20.0 t/h biochar,meanwhile the capacity of soil nutrient retention,and soil microbial carbon and nitrogen concentrations are improved.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of biochar and eucalyptus probiotics on eucalyptus seedling biomass and soil microbial activity under the forest,and provide a reference for the optimum soil physicochemical environment regulation for eucalyptus growth.【Method】Eucalyptus seedlings were research targets. Two concentrations(20.0 and 40.0 t/ha)of biochar+5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics were used to conduct field cultivation test.Growth,dry biomass,soil microbial activity under the forest,soil nitrogen content and soil enzyme activity were detected and analyzed.【Result】Single application of 20.0 t/ha biochar significantly increased stem and foliar biomass(P<0.05,the same below),and single application of 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics significantly decreased seedling height,crown diameter,ground diameter,foliage biomassand total biomass. Catalase(CAT)activity in soil under eucalyptus forest was significantly decreased by 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics and low-level concentration(20.0 t/ha)of biochar.Fungi quantity under eucalyptus forest were significantly increased by mixed application of 5×1010 CFU/mL probiotics and 20.0 t/ha biochar. The factorialanalysis and correlation analysis demonstrated that soil actinomyces quantity was significantly positively correlated to soil factor(NO3--N),microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),indicating that soil microbial quantity was able to reflect soil nutrient condition and microbial biomass. What was more,low concentration of biochar treatment ranked and scored the highest on all common factors,indicating that a suitable concentration of biochar increased the retention capacity of soil nutrient and soil microbial biomass under eucalyptus forest.【Conclusion】Soil microbial quantity is highly related to soil available nutrient content,enzyme activity,MBC and MBN. The biomass of eucalyptus root,stem and leaf can be significantly increased by 20.0 t/h biochar,meanwhile the capacity of soil nutrient retention,and soil microbial carbon and nitrogen concentrations are improved.
引文
程效义,刘晓琳,孟军,兰宇,刘遵守,杨旭,黄玉成,曹婷,陈温福.2016.生物炭对棕壤NH3挥发、N2O排放及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,35(4):801-807.[Cheng X Y,Liu X L,Meng J,Lan Y,Liu Z S,Yang X,Huang Y C,Cao T,Chen W F.2016.Effects of biochar on NH3volatilization,N2O emission and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in brown soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,35(4):801-807.]
符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,刘月.2018.施氮水平对河套灌区套作小麦-玉米土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响研究[J].生态环境学报,27(9):1652-1657.[Fu X,Yang S Q,Liu D P,Liu Y.2018.Effects of nitrogen application on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of intercropping wheat-corn in Hetao irrigation area[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(9):1652-1657.]
关松荫.1986.土壤酶及其研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社.[Guan S Y.1986.Soil enzyme and the research methods[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press.]
韩建刚,李占斌.2011.紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用类型小流域氮素流失规律初探[J].水利学报,42(2):160-165.[Han J G,Li Z B.2011.Process characteristics of nitrogen loss by runoff in different land use watersheds in purple soil hilly region[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,42(2):160-165.]
胡瑞文,刘勇军,周清明,刘智炫,黎娟,邵岩,刘卉.2018.生物炭对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落碳代谢的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,20(9):49-56.[Hu R W,Liu Y J,Zhou Q M,Liu Z X,Li J,Shao Y,Liu H.2018.Effects of biocarbon on the carbon metabolism of rhizosphere soil microbial communities in flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,20(9):49-56.]
李明,李忠佩,刘明,江春玉,吴萌.2015.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,48(7):1361-1369.[Li M,Li Z P,Liu M,Jiang C Y,Wu M.2015.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial community structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,48(7):1361-1369.]
李媛媛.2015.采煤塌陷地泥浆泵复垦土壤微生物多样性及土壤酶活性研究[D].武汉:中国矿业大学.[Li Y Y.2015.Microbial diversity and enzyme activity of soil reclaimed by hydraulic dredge pump in coal-mining subsidence areas[D].Wuhan:China University of Mining and Technology.]
卢成阳,彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,杨钙仁,张浩,鹿士杨,杜虎.2013.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系[J].生态学杂志,32(3):522-528.[Lu C Y,Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Yang G R,Zhang H,Lu S Y,Du H.2013.Coupling relationships between soil microbe and soil nutrient under different ecosystems in depression between karst hills[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(3):522-528.]
平亮,谢宗强.2009.引种桉树对本地生物多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,20(7):1765-1774.[Ping L,Xie Z Q.2009.Effects of introducing eucalyptus on indigenous biodiversity[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(7):1765-1774.]
覃小红,黄宝灵,韦善华,吕成群,杨远彪,张辉.2012.固氮菌对桉树促生作用及其影响因素试验[J].林业实用技术,(8):3-5.[Qin X H,Huang B L,Wei S H,LüC Q,Yang Y B,Zhang H.2012.The effect of azotobacter on eucalyptus growth and affecting factor experiment[J].Practical Forestry Technology,(8):3-5.]
王晓峰,刘红,张磊,罗珍,袁兴中,岳俊生,蔚建军.2015.澎溪河消落带典型植物群落根际土壤无机氮形态及氮转化酶活性[J].中国环境科学,35(10):3059-3068.[Wang X F,Liu H,Zhang L,Lou Z,Yuan X Z,Yue J S,Yu J J.2015.Inorganic nitrogen forms and related enzyme activity of rhizosphere soils under typical plants in the littoral zone of Pengxi River[J].China Environmental Science,35(10):3059-3068.]
王艳芳,李继伟,闫新伟,悦飞雪,刘领.2018.施用生物炭对旱作花生生长和产量构成及土壤酶活性的影响[J].河南科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(3):66-70.[Wang YF,Li J W,Yan X W,Yue F X,Liu L.2018.Effects of biochar amendments on peanut growth and yield composition and soil enzyme activity[J].Journal of Hennan University of Science and Technology(Natural science),39(3):66-70.]
文晓萍,黄宝灵,吕成群,黄勇,莫雅芳,石前.2008.巨尾桉接种根瘤菌试验效果初探[J].西北林学院学报,23(6):118-121.[Wen X P,Huang B L,LüC Q,Huang Y,Mo Y F,Shi Q.2008.Research for the effect of rhizobia inoculation on the Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophy-lla[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,23(6):118-121.]
张千丰,王光华.2012.生物炭理化性质及对土壤改良效果的研究进展[J].土壤与作物,1(4):219-226.[Zhang Q F,Wang G H.2012.Research progress of physiochemical properties of biochar and its effects as soil amendments[J].Soil and Crop,1(4):219-226.]
朱育峰,肖智华,彭晚霞,杜虎,宋敏,刘永贤.2018.广西不同龄级桉树人工林植物多样性和群落结构动态变化特征[J].中南林业科技大学学报,38(12):38-44.[Zhu Y F,Xiao Z H,Peng W X,Du H,Song M,Liu Y X.2018.Dynamics of plant diversity and community structure of Eucalyptus plantation at different ages class in Guangxi[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,38(12):38-44.]
Chan K Y,Van Zwieten L,Meszaros I,Downie A,Joseph S.2008.Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,46:437-444.
Compant S,Clement C,Sessitsch A.2010.Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo and endosphere of plants:Their role,colonization,mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42(5):669-678.
Gaskin J W,Steiner C,Harris K,Das K C,Bibens B.2008.Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use[J].Trans of the ASBE,51(6):2061-2069.
Glaser B,Lehmann J,Zech W,Khoo C S,Hayes W J.2002.Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-A review[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,35(4):219-230.
Khan A G,Kuek C,Chaudhy T M,Khoo C S,Hayes W J.2000.Role of plants,mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contamina-ted land remediation[J].Chemosphere,41(1-2):197-207.
Laird D A.2008.The charcoal vision:A win-win-win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy,permanently sequestering carbon,while improving soil and water quality[J].Agronomy Journal,100(1):178-181.
Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.2006.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-A review[J].Mitigation and A-daptation Strategies for Global Change,11(2):403-427.
Muhammad N,Dai Z,Xiao K,Meng J,Brookes P C,Lin X,Wang H,Wu J J,Xu J M.2014.Changes in microbial community structure due to biochars generated from different feedstocks and their relationships with soil chemical properties[J].Geoderma,226(1):270-278.
Ogawa M,Okimori Y.2010.Pioneering works in biochar research,Japan[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,48(6-7):489-500.
Pham V T K,Rediers H,Chequire M G K,Nguyen H H,Mot R D,Vanderleydon J,Spaepen S.2017.The plant growthpromoting effect of the nitrogen-fixing endophyte Pseudomonas stutzeri A15[J].Archives of Microbiology,199(3):513-517.
Rondon Marco A,Lehmann Johannes,Ramírez Juan,Hurtado Maria.2007.Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)increases with bio-char additions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,43(6):699-708.
Subramanian P,Kim K,krishnamoorthy R,Sundaram S,Sa T.2015.Endophytic bacteria improve nodule function and plant nitrogen in soybean on co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium raponicum MN110[J].Plant Growth Regulation,76(3):327-332.
Welbaum G E,Sturz A V,Dond Z M,Nowak J.2004.Managing soil microorganisms to improve productivity of agroecosystems[J].Journal Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,23(2):175-193.
符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,刘月.2018.施氮水平对河套灌区套作小麦-玉米土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响研究[J].生态环境学报,27(9):1652-1657.[Fu X,Yang S Q,Liu D P,Liu Y.2018.Effects of nitrogen application on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen of intercropping wheat-corn in Hetao irrigation area[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(9):1652-1657.]
关松荫.1986.土壤酶及其研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社.[Guan S Y.1986.Soil enzyme and the research methods[M].Beijing:Agricultural Press.]
韩建刚,李占斌.2011.紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用类型小流域氮素流失规律初探[J].水利学报,42(2):160-165.[Han J G,Li Z B.2011.Process characteristics of nitrogen loss by runoff in different land use watersheds in purple soil hilly region[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,42(2):160-165.]
胡瑞文,刘勇军,周清明,刘智炫,黎娟,邵岩,刘卉.2018.生物炭对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落碳代谢的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,20(9):49-56.[Hu R W,Liu Y J,Zhou Q M,Liu Z X,Li J,Shao Y,Liu H.2018.Effects of biocarbon on the carbon metabolism of rhizosphere soil microbial communities in flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,20(9):49-56.]
李明,李忠佩,刘明,江春玉,吴萌.2015.不同秸秆生物炭对红壤性水稻土养分及微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,48(7):1361-1369.[Li M,Li Z P,Liu M,Jiang C Y,Wu M.2015.Effects of different straw biochar on nutrient and microbial community structure of a red paddy soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,48(7):1361-1369.]
李媛媛.2015.采煤塌陷地泥浆泵复垦土壤微生物多样性及土壤酶活性研究[D].武汉:中国矿业大学.[Li Y Y.2015.Microbial diversity and enzyme activity of soil reclaimed by hydraulic dredge pump in coal-mining subsidence areas[D].Wuhan:China University of Mining and Technology.]
卢成阳,彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,杨钙仁,张浩,鹿士杨,杜虎.2013.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系[J].生态学杂志,32(3):522-528.[Lu C Y,Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Yang G R,Zhang H,Lu S Y,Du H.2013.Coupling relationships between soil microbe and soil nutrient under different ecosystems in depression between karst hills[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(3):522-528.]
平亮,谢宗强.2009.引种桉树对本地生物多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,20(7):1765-1774.[Ping L,Xie Z Q.2009.Effects of introducing eucalyptus on indigenous biodiversity[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(7):1765-1774.]
覃小红,黄宝灵,韦善华,吕成群,杨远彪,张辉.2012.固氮菌对桉树促生作用及其影响因素试验[J].林业实用技术,(8):3-5.[Qin X H,Huang B L,Wei S H,LüC Q,Yang Y B,Zhang H.2012.The effect of azotobacter on eucalyptus growth and affecting factor experiment[J].Practical Forestry Technology,(8):3-5.]
王晓峰,刘红,张磊,罗珍,袁兴中,岳俊生,蔚建军.2015.澎溪河消落带典型植物群落根际土壤无机氮形态及氮转化酶活性[J].中国环境科学,35(10):3059-3068.[Wang X F,Liu H,Zhang L,Lou Z,Yuan X Z,Yue J S,Yu J J.2015.Inorganic nitrogen forms and related enzyme activity of rhizosphere soils under typical plants in the littoral zone of Pengxi River[J].China Environmental Science,35(10):3059-3068.]
王艳芳,李继伟,闫新伟,悦飞雪,刘领.2018.施用生物炭对旱作花生生长和产量构成及土壤酶活性的影响[J].河南科技大学学报(自然科学版),39(3):66-70.[Wang YF,Li J W,Yan X W,Yue F X,Liu L.2018.Effects of biochar amendments on peanut growth and yield composition and soil enzyme activity[J].Journal of Hennan University of Science and Technology(Natural science),39(3):66-70.]
文晓萍,黄宝灵,吕成群,黄勇,莫雅芳,石前.2008.巨尾桉接种根瘤菌试验效果初探[J].西北林学院学报,23(6):118-121.[Wen X P,Huang B L,LüC Q,Huang Y,Mo Y F,Shi Q.2008.Research for the effect of rhizobia inoculation on the Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophy-lla[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,23(6):118-121.]
张千丰,王光华.2012.生物炭理化性质及对土壤改良效果的研究进展[J].土壤与作物,1(4):219-226.[Zhang Q F,Wang G H.2012.Research progress of physiochemical properties of biochar and its effects as soil amendments[J].Soil and Crop,1(4):219-226.]
朱育峰,肖智华,彭晚霞,杜虎,宋敏,刘永贤.2018.广西不同龄级桉树人工林植物多样性和群落结构动态变化特征[J].中南林业科技大学学报,38(12):38-44.[Zhu Y F,Xiao Z H,Peng W X,Du H,Song M,Liu Y X.2018.Dynamics of plant diversity and community structure of Eucalyptus plantation at different ages class in Guangxi[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,38(12):38-44.]
Chan K Y,Van Zwieten L,Meszaros I,Downie A,Joseph S.2008.Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,46:437-444.
Compant S,Clement C,Sessitsch A.2010.Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo and endosphere of plants:Their role,colonization,mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,42(5):669-678.
Gaskin J W,Steiner C,Harris K,Das K C,Bibens B.2008.Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use[J].Trans of the ASBE,51(6):2061-2069.
Glaser B,Lehmann J,Zech W,Khoo C S,Hayes W J.2002.Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-A review[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,35(4):219-230.
Khan A G,Kuek C,Chaudhy T M,Khoo C S,Hayes W J.2000.Role of plants,mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contamina-ted land remediation[J].Chemosphere,41(1-2):197-207.
Laird D A.2008.The charcoal vision:A win-win-win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy,permanently sequestering carbon,while improving soil and water quality[J].Agronomy Journal,100(1):178-181.
Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.2006.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-A review[J].Mitigation and A-daptation Strategies for Global Change,11(2):403-427.
Muhammad N,Dai Z,Xiao K,Meng J,Brookes P C,Lin X,Wang H,Wu J J,Xu J M.2014.Changes in microbial community structure due to biochars generated from different feedstocks and their relationships with soil chemical properties[J].Geoderma,226(1):270-278.
Ogawa M,Okimori Y.2010.Pioneering works in biochar research,Japan[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,48(6-7):489-500.
Pham V T K,Rediers H,Chequire M G K,Nguyen H H,Mot R D,Vanderleydon J,Spaepen S.2017.The plant growthpromoting effect of the nitrogen-fixing endophyte Pseudomonas stutzeri A15[J].Archives of Microbiology,199(3):513-517.
Rondon Marco A,Lehmann Johannes,Ramírez Juan,Hurtado Maria.2007.Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)increases with bio-char additions[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,43(6):699-708.
Subramanian P,Kim K,krishnamoorthy R,Sundaram S,Sa T.2015.Endophytic bacteria improve nodule function and plant nitrogen in soybean on co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium raponicum MN110[J].Plant Growth Regulation,76(3):327-332.
Welbaum G E,Sturz A V,Dond Z M,Nowak J.2004.Managing soil microorganisms to improve productivity of agroecosystems[J].Journal Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,23(2):175-193.
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