文化引导下的乡村特色风貌营建策略研究
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摘要
近些年来,伴随着城乡经济的发展和城镇化进程,我国乡村建设得到了前所未有的发展,有些地区出现了"乡村热""田园热""民宿热"等现象。乡村问题得到了全社会的广泛关注,大量的国家财政和社会资本进入乡村,各方面的学者、专家和社会人士也都投身到乡村建设当中,在取得了一定的建设和发展的同时,一些乱象也随之而生。在这样的背景下,中国工程院、住房和城乡建设部、各级政府和科研机构开展了大量的科研课题项目,希望发掘我国田园乡村特色风貌的营造策略。笔者在博士攻读期间,有幸参与其中,并深入广大乡村,实地调研走访了两百多个乡村,发现很多乱象最终都指向并归结于文化之症结,于是对乡村文化的发展脉络、相关理论和经验进行研究,并通过一些乡村项目的具体实践,尝试提出通过文化引导乡村特色风貌的策略。本文研究基于历史资料、调研情况、理论研究、工程实践、案例分析的方法,指出我国乡村文化在发展过程中断裂,造成不同类型的乡村风貌和各种问题,尝试通过优秀乡村文化传承、社区文化营造、乡土文化的现代发展来指导乡村规划、景观设计和建筑设计,并通过具体项目的实践,得到如下结论:1)通过乡村文化的地缘、血缘、业缘和情缘的四缘构建方法,来树立正确的乡村建设价值观,在尊重地缘,重视血缘,发展业缘,营造情缘的基本原则下重新塑造中国的新乡村文化。2)反思过去的乡村规划方法,采取基于推演和容错的"微介入规划"设计策略,不再通过总图和鸟瞰来进行乡村设计,而是通过"介入点"的干预,基于实际的推演,适当的容错,来激发乡村的自我更新与发展。3)结合社区营造的理念,提出对于乡村景观风貌的"景观微治理"策略,这种方法与用力较重的"环境整治"不同,同样强调文化的引导和刺激作用,激发乡村风貌保持活力的持久性。4)建立基于乡土文化现代传承的新乡土建筑设计理念,通过四缘传承、改造更新、环境应对、材料创新、持久相伴等基本原则立场,进行新乡土建筑的创作,或作为微介入规划的介入点,亦或作为乡村风貌的直接呈现,形成有特色的乡村风貌。最后,综合上述内容。尝试建立完整的乡村特色风貌营建策略体系:树立四缘文化价值观-基于文化传承的微介入规划-基于社区文化的景观微治理-基于乡土文化的新乡土建筑设计-基于长久陪伴的推演与容错。
In recent years, with the development of urban and rural economy and the process of urbanization, some phenomenon, such as Country fever, Garden fever and B&B fever, have emerged in regions of our country. The rural problems have been widespread concern in the whole society and more and more funds have been put in villages. Experts, scholars of deferent majors, and the public are all involved in the rural construction. In the midst of the achievements, some problems also arise. Therefore, the Chinese Academy of engineering, the Ministry ofhousing and urban rural development, some governments and research institutions have carried out a large number of scientific research projects, to explore how to build the characteristics of our countryside. Fortunately, I have been a number of some projects, and gain the opportunity to investigate about 200 villages, in which I found all of the chaos is ultimately attributed to cultural problems. So we carry out the research on the rural culture development, the theory and experience of how to develop culture. Through the practice of some rural projects, we try to put forward the strategies to build the rural characteristics led by village culture In this paper, based on historical data, theoretical research, real practices and cases analysis, a conclusion is made that the development process of China's rural culture had been broken, which led to the various problems. By the inheritance of traditional culture, community culture construction and the modern development of local culture, strategies of rural planning, rural landscape design and the architectural design would be found out. Conclusions are as follows. 1) Chinese rural culture is now on the foundation of 4 factors, which are geopolitical, blood kinship, professional and affective. The principles complying with the 4 factors should be taken to develop new rural culture. 2) Reflecting on the past rural planning, we do need a new way, which is "Minor Intervention" based on deduction and fault tolerance, to develop the village without any master plans or aerial rending views. 3) Combined with the community-building concept, a method of rural appearance named "micro landscape update" is proposed. Deferent with environmental renovation, this method is much lighter; also stress the role of culture, which can inspire villagers, to maintain the vitality of rural landscape.4) Establish the conception of new vernacular architecture based on modernization interpretation of the local culture, by the inheritance of traditions, the four factors, the usage of old buildings, the responses to environment, the innovation of material and the time to accompany. The new vernacular architecture maybe serves as a micro intervention point, or presented directly as a part of the appearance of the village, anyway, to form characteristic rural landscape.Above all, a set of construction strategies for rural characteristics is established, including 4 factors of cultural values, the micro intervention planning based on the cultural heritage, micro landscape update based on community culture, new vernacular architecture based on modernization interpretation of the local culture and long-time company based on deduction and fault tolerance.
In recent years, with the development of urban and rural economy and the process of urbanization, some phenomenon, such as Country fever, Garden fever and B&B fever, have emerged in regions of our country. The rural problems have been widespread concern in the whole society and more and more funds have been put in villages. Experts, scholars of deferent majors, and the public are all involved in the rural construction. In the midst of the achievements, some problems also arise. Therefore, the Chinese Academy of engineering, the Ministry ofhousing and urban rural development, some governments and research institutions have carried out a large number of scientific research projects, to explore how to build the characteristics of our countryside. Fortunately, I have been a number of some projects, and gain the opportunity to investigate about 200 villages, in which I found all of the chaos is ultimately attributed to cultural problems. So we carry out the research on the rural culture development, the theory and experience of how to develop culture. Through the practice of some rural projects, we try to put forward the strategies to build the rural characteristics led by village culture In this paper, based on historical data, theoretical research, real practices and cases analysis, a conclusion is made that the development process of China's rural culture had been broken, which led to the various problems. By the inheritance of traditional culture, community culture construction and the modern development of local culture, strategies of rural planning, rural landscape design and the architectural design would be found out. Conclusions are as follows. 1) Chinese rural culture is now on the foundation of 4 factors, which are geopolitical, blood kinship, professional and affective. The principles complying with the 4 factors should be taken to develop new rural culture. 2) Reflecting on the past rural planning, we do need a new way, which is "Minor Intervention" based on deduction and fault tolerance, to develop the village without any master plans or aerial rending views. 3) Combined with the community-building concept, a method of rural appearance named "micro landscape update" is proposed. Deferent with environmental renovation, this method is much lighter; also stress the role of culture, which can inspire villagers, to maintain the vitality of rural landscape.4) Establish the conception of new vernacular architecture based on modernization interpretation of the local culture, by the inheritance of traditions, the four factors, the usage of old buildings, the responses to environment, the innovation of material and the time to accompany. The new vernacular architecture maybe serves as a micro intervention point, or presented directly as a part of the appearance of the village, anyway, to form characteristic rural landscape.Above all, a set of construction strategies for rural characteristics is established, including 4 factors of cultural values, the micro intervention planning based on the cultural heritage, micro landscape update based on community culture, new vernacular architecture based on modernization interpretation of the local culture and long-time company based on deduction and fault tolerance.
引文
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