我国东北地区自然植被保护现状及保护优先区分析
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摘要
以我国东北地区陆域国家级自然保护区、植被类型和海拔信息作为基础数据,采用叠加分析的方法,分析了自然保护区分布和植被分布与海拔的关系,以期对我国东北地区自然植被从水平空间和垂直空间两个维度上提出保护指导。结果表明:(1)森林生态系统、内陆湿地和野生动物类型的国家级自然保护区是我国东北地区国家级自然保护区的主体。随着海拔的升高,保护区的面积和数量都呈现下降趋势,在中海拔段(600～1000 m)出现了内陆湿地类型向森林生态系统类型自然保护区过渡的现象。(2)高海拔段(>1000 m)的自然植被得到了较好的保护,但中、低海拔段(<1000 m)的自然植被未受到较好的保护,仍然存在保护空缺。(3)一级保护优化区集中在长白山中部和东北部林区、辽河口、通辽东北部和呼伦贝尔高原,二级保护优先区分布在东北山区(大、小兴安岭和长白山地区),特别是大、小兴安岭交接地带,以及大兴安岭南段森林草原过渡区和辽东丘陵地区。(4)栽培作物作为保护区内植被的主要人为干扰来源,未得到足够重视,严重威胁到了东北平原地区内陆湿地类型和野生动物类型的国家级自然保护区。因此,建议在长白山中部林区的一级保护优化区内,设立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系进行保护,其余一级保护优化区可考虑扩大现有保护区或增设新的保护区;而低海拔段受栽培作物干扰严重的地区,应加强管理监督,对于破坏后需恢复的植被地带,可对其破坏后形成的次生天然植被进行保护,以实现区域内生物多样性的保护目标。
Based on the data of spatial distribution,vegetation type,and elevation of continental national nature reserves( NNRs) in northeast China,we analyzed the relationships of the distributions of NNRs and vegetation with elevation using means of overlay analysis method. The aim of this study was to provide guidance of natural vegetation conservation in northeast China from both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The results showed that:( 1) The main types of the NNRs in northeast China were forests,wetlands,and habitats for conserving wild animals. With the increases of altitude,the area and quantity of nature reserves decreased. The transient phenomenon of NNRs from wetland to forest occurred in the medium altitude range( 600-1000 m).( 2) Natural vegetations in high altitude range( above 1000 m) were better protected compared with those in medium and low altitude( below 1000 m) ranges where protection gaps still existed.( 3) The protected areas at level one priority concentrated in the central and northeastern forest areas of Changbai Mountains,Liaohe River Estuary,and the northeastern part of Tongliao and the Hulunbeier Plateau. The protected areas at level two priority mainly distributed in mountainous regions of northeast China( Greater Khingan Mountains, Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountains),especially the junction of the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains,as well as the transitional areas between grassland and forest in southern Greater Khingan Mountains and Liaodong hilly area.( 4) As the main type of human disturbance,cultivated crops did not receive sufficient attention,which seriously threatened inland wetland and wildlife type NNRs in Northeast China Plain. Therefore,we suggested establishing natural protected areas system based on national parks in level one priority protected areas in the central forest areas of Changbai Mountains,enlarging current NNRs and establishing new nature reserves. In the remaining level one priority protected areas in the low altitude range where natural vegetation was seriously damaged by cultivated crops,management supervision should be strengthened. Secondary natural vegetation restored after disturbance could be protected to achieve the goal of regional biodiversity conservation.
Based on the data of spatial distribution,vegetation type,and elevation of continental national nature reserves( NNRs) in northeast China,we analyzed the relationships of the distributions of NNRs and vegetation with elevation using means of overlay analysis method. The aim of this study was to provide guidance of natural vegetation conservation in northeast China from both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The results showed that:( 1) The main types of the NNRs in northeast China were forests,wetlands,and habitats for conserving wild animals. With the increases of altitude,the area and quantity of nature reserves decreased. The transient phenomenon of NNRs from wetland to forest occurred in the medium altitude range( 600-1000 m).( 2) Natural vegetations in high altitude range( above 1000 m) were better protected compared with those in medium and low altitude( below 1000 m) ranges where protection gaps still existed.( 3) The protected areas at level one priority concentrated in the central and northeastern forest areas of Changbai Mountains,Liaohe River Estuary,and the northeastern part of Tongliao and the Hulunbeier Plateau. The protected areas at level two priority mainly distributed in mountainous regions of northeast China( Greater Khingan Mountains, Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountains),especially the junction of the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains,as well as the transitional areas between grassland and forest in southern Greater Khingan Mountains and Liaodong hilly area.( 4) As the main type of human disturbance,cultivated crops did not receive sufficient attention,which seriously threatened inland wetland and wildlife type NNRs in Northeast China Plain. Therefore,we suggested establishing natural protected areas system based on national parks in level one priority protected areas in the central forest areas of Changbai Mountains,enlarging current NNRs and establishing new nature reserves. In the remaining level one priority protected areas in the low altitude range where natural vegetation was seriously damaged by cultivated crops,management supervision should be strengthened. Secondary natural vegetation restored after disturbance could be protected to achieve the goal of regional biodiversity conservation.
引文
曹伟,李岩,丛欣欣.2012.中国东北濒危植物优先保护的定量评价.林业科学研究,25(2):190-194.
崔国发.2004.自然保护区学当前应该解决的几个科学问题.北京林业大学学报,26(6):102-105.
地理信息专业知识服务系统.2017.1∶100万全国基础地理信息数据库[EB/OL].[2018-03-28].http://kmap.ckcest.cn/other Search/result100W.
冯琦胜,修丽娜,梁天刚.2013.基于CSCS的中国现存自然植被分布研究.草业学报,22(3):16-24.
关文彬,陈铁,董亚杰,等.1997.东北地区植被多样性的研究.I.寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被多样性分析.应用生态学报,8(5):465-470.
郭子良.2016.中国自然保护综合地理区划与自然保护区体系有效性分析(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
国志兴,王宗明,张柏,等.2008.2000-2006年东北地区植被NPP的时空特征及影响因素分析.资源科学,30(8):1226-1235.
李敏,周大庆,夏欣,等.2014.吉林省自然植被就地保护现状及保护空缺分析.生态与农村环境学报,30(3):289-293.
李敏.2014.东北三省自然植被就地保护现状评价(硕士学位论文).南京:南京师范大学.
李霄宇.2011.国家级森林类型自然保护区保护价值评价及合理布局研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
栾晓峰,黄维妮,王秀磊,等.2009.基于系统保护规划方法东北生物多样性热点地区和保护空缺分析.生态学报,29(1):144-150.
马建章,戎可,程鲲.2012.中国生物多样性就地保护的研究与实践.生物多样性,20(5):551-558.
孙凤华,杨素英,陈鹏狮.2005.东北地区近44年的气候暖干化趋势分析及可能影响.生态学杂志,24(7):751-755.
孙工棋,曲艺,唐美庆,等.2013.基于我国陆生濒危哺乳动物保护的生态功能区优先保护规划.生物多样性,21(1):47-53.
王绍强,周成虎,刘纪远,等.2001.东北地区陆地碳循环平衡模拟分析.地理学报,56(4):390-400.
王宗明,国志兴,宋开山,等.2009.中国东北地区植被ND-VI对气候变化的响应.生态学杂志,28(6):1041-1048.
吴征镒.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
徐网谷,高军,夏欣,等.2016.中国自然保护区社区居民分布现状及其影响.生态与农村环境学报,32(1):19-23.
严如贺,柯水发,刘珉.2016.东北三省林业发展与老工业基地振兴关系分析.林业经济,38(11):16-21.
苑虎,张殷波,覃海宁,等.2009.中国国家重点保护野生植物的就地保护现状.生物多样性,17(3):280-287.
张百平,谭靖,姚永慧,等.2009.山地垂直带信息图谱研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社.
张新时.2007.中国植被及其地理格局.北京:地质出版社.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.2016.2015年全国自然保护区名录[EB/OL].[2017-04-04].http://www.mee.gov.cn/stbh/zrbhq/qgzrbhqml/201611/P020161125559865886359.pdf
周大庆,夏欣,张昊楠,等.2015.中国自然植被就地保护现状评价.生态与农村环境学报,31(6):796-801.
周以良.1997.中国东北植被地理.北京:科学出版社.
朱珣之,张金屯.2005.中国山地植物多样性的垂直变化格局.西北植物学报,25(7):1480-1486.
资源环境数据云平台.2001.中国100万植被类型空间分布数据[EB/OL].[2018-03-22].http://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=122.
Chape S,Harrison J,Spalding M,et al.2005.Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,360:443-455.
Nogués-Bravo D,Araújo MB,Romdal T,et al.2008.Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients.Nature,453:216-219.
Sang WG,Ma PK,Axmacher JC.2011.Securing a future for China’s wild plant resources.Bio Science,61:720-725.
Zhang D,Zhang Y,Boufford DE,et al.2009.Elevational patterns of species richness and endemism for some important taxa in the Hengduan Mountains,southwestern China.Biodiversity and Conservation,18:699-716.
崔国发.2004.自然保护区学当前应该解决的几个科学问题.北京林业大学学报,26(6):102-105.
地理信息专业知识服务系统.2017.1∶100万全国基础地理信息数据库[EB/OL].[2018-03-28].http://kmap.ckcest.cn/other Search/result100W.
冯琦胜,修丽娜,梁天刚.2013.基于CSCS的中国现存自然植被分布研究.草业学报,22(3):16-24.
关文彬,陈铁,董亚杰,等.1997.东北地区植被多样性的研究.I.寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被多样性分析.应用生态学报,8(5):465-470.
郭子良.2016.中国自然保护综合地理区划与自然保护区体系有效性分析(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
国志兴,王宗明,张柏,等.2008.2000-2006年东北地区植被NPP的时空特征及影响因素分析.资源科学,30(8):1226-1235.
李敏,周大庆,夏欣,等.2014.吉林省自然植被就地保护现状及保护空缺分析.生态与农村环境学报,30(3):289-293.
李敏.2014.东北三省自然植被就地保护现状评价(硕士学位论文).南京:南京师范大学.
李霄宇.2011.国家级森林类型自然保护区保护价值评价及合理布局研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
栾晓峰,黄维妮,王秀磊,等.2009.基于系统保护规划方法东北生物多样性热点地区和保护空缺分析.生态学报,29(1):144-150.
马建章,戎可,程鲲.2012.中国生物多样性就地保护的研究与实践.生物多样性,20(5):551-558.
孙凤华,杨素英,陈鹏狮.2005.东北地区近44年的气候暖干化趋势分析及可能影响.生态学杂志,24(7):751-755.
孙工棋,曲艺,唐美庆,等.2013.基于我国陆生濒危哺乳动物保护的生态功能区优先保护规划.生物多样性,21(1):47-53.
王绍强,周成虎,刘纪远,等.2001.东北地区陆地碳循环平衡模拟分析.地理学报,56(4):390-400.
王宗明,国志兴,宋开山,等.2009.中国东北地区植被ND-VI对气候变化的响应.生态学杂志,28(6):1041-1048.
吴征镒.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
徐网谷,高军,夏欣,等.2016.中国自然保护区社区居民分布现状及其影响.生态与农村环境学报,32(1):19-23.
严如贺,柯水发,刘珉.2016.东北三省林业发展与老工业基地振兴关系分析.林业经济,38(11):16-21.
苑虎,张殷波,覃海宁,等.2009.中国国家重点保护野生植物的就地保护现状.生物多样性,17(3):280-287.
张百平,谭靖,姚永慧,等.2009.山地垂直带信息图谱研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社.
张新时.2007.中国植被及其地理格局.北京:地质出版社.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.2016.2015年全国自然保护区名录[EB/OL].[2017-04-04].http://www.mee.gov.cn/stbh/zrbhq/qgzrbhqml/201611/P020161125559865886359.pdf
周大庆,夏欣,张昊楠,等.2015.中国自然植被就地保护现状评价.生态与农村环境学报,31(6):796-801.
周以良.1997.中国东北植被地理.北京:科学出版社.
朱珣之,张金屯.2005.中国山地植物多样性的垂直变化格局.西北植物学报,25(7):1480-1486.
资源环境数据云平台.2001.中国100万植被类型空间分布数据[EB/OL].[2018-03-22].http://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=122.
Chape S,Harrison J,Spalding M,et al.2005.Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,360:443-455.
Nogués-Bravo D,Araújo MB,Romdal T,et al.2008.Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients.Nature,453:216-219.
Sang WG,Ma PK,Axmacher JC.2011.Securing a future for China’s wild plant resources.Bio Science,61:720-725.
Zhang D,Zhang Y,Boufford DE,et al.2009.Elevational patterns of species richness and endemism for some important taxa in the Hengduan Mountains,southwestern China.Biodiversity and Conservation,18:699-716.
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