The heavy minerals of 408 surface sediment samples collected from the inner shelf of the northwestern South China Sea were analyzed in 2008.The results suggested that there are three heavy mineral provinces in this region, dominated by zircon-ilmenite-hematite assemblage, anatase-white titanium-epidote assemblage, and pyroxene-hornblende-epidote assemblage respectively. The three provinces have conspicuous differences in depositional environment, hydrodynamic condition, grain size and redox environment, suggesting that the distribution pattern of heavy minerals is controlled by both provenance and hydraulic conditions. The heavy minerals from erosion of the coastal islands and surrounding lands are mainly distributed by Pearl River.