In this paper, the authors overview the standard procedure for sampling, the method of sample preparation and mathematical modeling for the chemical composition analysis in sediments. Furthermore, the authors introduce the selection of modeling, spectrum pretreatment and regression analysis to improve the accuracy of the quantitative analysis for a near-infrared spectrum model. At present, further study need to be carried out for the mechanism of measuring error in sediments. Properly chosen sample collection after suitable spectrum-pretreatment with optimization of mathematical models should improve the precision and accuracy of measurements.