In the past 40 years, a great deal of work has been done in the groundwater reservoir study and construction, getting great social, economic and environmental effects. There will be more and more needs for groundwater reservoirs, with the ever more increase of water deficiency for a lot of areas, and therefore it is essential to summarize the status of groundwater reservoir theory and construction practice. In this paper, the development history of groundwater reservoir is reviewed, and the theory system is summarized, including the concept, classification, requirement for construction, reservoir capacity calculation, benefit and impact assessment of groundwater reservoirs.