This paper introduced the Quaternary geology and hydrogeology of the plains in the Huai River Basin, Anhui Province. Based on analysis of spatial distribution features of sampled 1 362 sets of groundwater temperature data, it is suggested that the groundwater temperature is higher in west and lower in east, and the potential surface source geothermal resources lie in the areas as Mengcheng, Fengtai-Shouxian-Changfeng, Jieshou -Bozhou and Dandangshan.