This research aims at analyzing the relationship between the geothermal evolution of Permian source rocks and hydrocarbon generation in Ejin Banner and its vicinities. Based on the information of vitrinite reflectance, temperature data of liquid-phase inclusions and apatite fission tracks, the authors measured the paleogeothermal gradient of Ejin Banner area when it reached maximum gradient. The results indicate that Ejin Banner area reached maximum gradient in Cretaceous period, with the paleogeothermal gradient being 4.1~5.5 ℃/100 m. A comparison with the neighboring Chagan sag has revealed that the paleogeothermal gradient of Ejin Banner area was higher than its modern geothermal gradient. The Permian source rock geothermal evolution was mainly controlled by the paleogeothermal field.