///The Earth is the only place for human being to live, and provides human being food, water, energy and mineral resources which are necessary for life. Meanwhile, the Earth also brings geo-hazards like volcanic eruption, earthquake and Tsunami. To know the components, structures and dynamic processes in the deep interior of the Earth through deep drilling and geochemical and geophysical explorations, is not only the pursuit of human being on knowledge of natural secrets, but also the basic requirement of human being on resources and security. The Chinese geologists recognized that, it is very necessary to do wide and thorough exploration of the deep interior beneath the Chinese continent, to solve the key problems on resources and environment. The recently started National Scientific Program of China titled as “Deep Exploration Technology and Experimentation”; indicates the beginning of the Chinese deep exploration era. This program promotes international cooperation while using the latest detection equipment, devices, and technology, and while educating world-class young scientists to ensure the continuous and sustainable implementation and execution of the planned long-term deep exploration program in China.