• 标题：Lake ecosystem health assessment using a novel hybrid decision-making framework in the Nam Co, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
• 关键词：Lake health assessment; Cloud model; Pythagorean fuzzy sets; Ecosystem integrity; Non-ecological performance
• 作者：Zhengxian Zhang, Yi Liuc, Yun Li, XiaogangWang, Hongze, HongYang,Wenhao Ding, Yipeng Liao, Nanbo Tang, Feifei He

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As a powerful tool for lake ecological protection, lake health assessment (LHA) provides the basis for sustainable water environment and socio-economic development. However, existing methods almost ignore the effects of fuzziness and randomness on LHA. In addition, most of the current studies on LHA mainly focus on the plain areas, and lack of quantitative studies in mountain areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To comprehensively investigate the lake health level in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Nam Co was selected as study area. An indicator system incorporating ecosystem integrity (physical habitat, water quantity and quality, aquatic life) and non-ecological performance (social services) was established. The Pythagorean fuzzy cloud (PFC) integration algorithm drawing on the advantages of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS) and cloud model was proposed. A novel hybrid decision-making framework combining PFC integration algorithm and TOPSIS model was developed to determine the lake health levels with fuzziness and randomness. Results showed that the non-ecological performance was significantly better than the ecosystem integrity in Nam Co. Health levels exhibited a remarkable spatial variation influenced by tourism and grazing, with decreasing health status from the northwestern to southeastern Nam Co. 85% of the sampling sites were at excellent or healthy levels, 15% were subhealthy, and no sampling sites were unhealthy and sick. Research framework developed by this study can overcome the shortcomings of existing methods and provide a more effective approach for LHA with fuzziness and randomness. Accordingly, the ecological restoration of Nam Co is proposed to achieve sustainable management of lake health in ecological fragile areas.