刀耕火种的变迁及其民族生态学意义——以云南元江县山苏作村为例
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摘要
通过对云南省元江县山苏作村彝族"刀耕火种"变迁历程的梳理,以及生态人类学对其生态价值的诠释,表明在所处生态系统中,这种"刀耕火种"体制是一种既合适又科学的生计方式,其中蕴涵着朴素的生态智慧,在今天的生态建设中仍然具有借鉴价值。核心内容包括:合理利用资源,维护人与森林生态系统的和谐;耕作中准确控制防火,建构有严格的防火体制,防范生态灾变的发生;对森林资源的利用尽可能多样化,避免单一资源的过度利用等等。随着社会的发展,山苏作村的"刀耕火种"近来虽然被"混林农业"所取代,但是当地彝族的相关生态智慧、技术和技能仍在延续,并未丧失其科学性和合理性。
Based on field work in Shansuzuo village located in Yuanjiang county of Yuxi City,this paper attempts to review great changes that swidden farming has undergone and tries to probe into its ethnoecological meanings.The research findings show that swidden farming practised by Yi people of the study area,is actually a means of livelihood conforming with ecological principles,which embodies some seemingly plain but profound ecological wisdom as follows:1)rational utilization of resources to maintain the balance between human beings and forest ecosystems;2)precautions against fire to avoid ecological disaster in swidden farming;3)diversified exploitation of forest resource to prevent overuse or exhaustion of certain resource.Nevertheless,swidden farming has undergone drastic changes induced by rapid social advancement,resulting in its eventual replacement by agro-forestry in Shansuzuo village.
Based on field work in Shansuzuo village located in Yuanjiang county of Yuxi City,this paper attempts to review great changes that swidden farming has undergone and tries to probe into its ethnoecological meanings.The research findings show that swidden farming practised by Yi people of the study area,is actually a means of livelihood conforming with ecological principles,which embodies some seemingly plain but profound ecological wisdom as follows:1)rational utilization of resources to maintain the balance between human beings and forest ecosystems;2)precautions against fire to avoid ecological disaster in swidden farming;3)diversified exploitation of forest resource to prevent overuse or exhaustion of certain resource.Nevertheless,swidden farming has undergone drastic changes induced by rapid social advancement,resulting in its eventual replacement by agro-forestry in Shansuzuo village.
引文
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[2]Virginia D.Nazarea,A Viewfrom a Point:Ethnoecology as Situated Knowledg,in Virginia D.Nazarea ed.,Eth-noecology—Situated Knowledge/Located Lives,Tuc-son:The University of Arizona Press,1999:3.
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[4]元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县概况修订本编写组.元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县概况[M].北京:民族出版社,2008.
[5]青龙厂镇人民政府,乡村概况[EB/OL].[2010-05-08]http://ynszxc.gov.cn/szxc/villagePage/vIndex.as-px-departmentid=252305.
[6]王东昕.衣食之源——云南民族农耕[M].昆明:云南教育出版社,2000:156.
[7]Zhao Wen-juan and Yin Shao-ting,2007,Swidden Agriculture and its Evolution in Yunnan,in K.G.Saxe-na,Luohui Liang and Kanok Rerksem ed.,Shifting Agri-culture in Asia:Implications for Environmental Conserva-tion and Sustainable Livelihood,Dehra Dun:Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
[8]青龙厂镇人民政府,乡村概况[EB/OL].[2010-05-28]http://ynszxc.gov.cn/szxc/villagePage/vIndex.as-px-departmentid=252305.
[9]Conklin H.Hanunoo Agriculture,Rome:Food and Agri-culture Organization of the United Nations,1957:1.
[10]Spencer J.,1966,Shifting Cultivation in Southeast A-sia.University of California Publications in Geography,Vol.Berkeley(CA):University of California Press.
[11]Brookfield H.,Padoch C.,1994,Appreciating agrodi-versity:A look at the dynamism and diversity of indige-nous farming practice,Environment36(5):6-54.
[12]Reyes-Garcia,V.et al.,2008,Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Crop Diversity in Swidden Fields:A Study in a Native Amazonian Society,Human Ecol36:569-580.
[13]S.H.斯波尔,B.V.巴恩斯.森林生态学[M].赵克绳,周祉,译.北京:中国林业出版社,1982:219.
[14]李景文.森林生态学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1994:146.
[15]Fox J.et al.,Shifting Cultivation:A NewOld Paradigm for Managing Tropical Forest,BioScience,2000,50(6).
[16]严冰,孔俊彬.不容易呵,20%森林覆盖率[N].人民日报:海外版,2009-12-05.
[2]Virginia D.Nazarea,A Viewfrom a Point:Ethnoecology as Situated Knowledg,in Virginia D.Nazarea ed.,Eth-noecology—Situated Knowledge/Located Lives,Tuc-son:The University of Arizona Press,1999:3.
[3]尹绍亭.人与森林——生态人类学视野中的刀耕火种[M].昆明:云南教育出版社,2000.
[4]元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县概况修订本编写组.元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县概况[M].北京:民族出版社,2008.
[5]青龙厂镇人民政府,乡村概况[EB/OL].[2010-05-08]http://ynszxc.gov.cn/szxc/villagePage/vIndex.as-px-departmentid=252305.
[6]王东昕.衣食之源——云南民族农耕[M].昆明:云南教育出版社,2000:156.
[7]Zhao Wen-juan and Yin Shao-ting,2007,Swidden Agriculture and its Evolution in Yunnan,in K.G.Saxe-na,Luohui Liang and Kanok Rerksem ed.,Shifting Agri-culture in Asia:Implications for Environmental Conserva-tion and Sustainable Livelihood,Dehra Dun:Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.
[8]青龙厂镇人民政府,乡村概况[EB/OL].[2010-05-28]http://ynszxc.gov.cn/szxc/villagePage/vIndex.as-px-departmentid=252305.
[9]Conklin H.Hanunoo Agriculture,Rome:Food and Agri-culture Organization of the United Nations,1957:1.
[10]Spencer J.,1966,Shifting Cultivation in Southeast A-sia.University of California Publications in Geography,Vol.Berkeley(CA):University of California Press.
[11]Brookfield H.,Padoch C.,1994,Appreciating agrodi-versity:A look at the dynamism and diversity of indige-nous farming practice,Environment36(5):6-54.
[12]Reyes-Garcia,V.et al.,2008,Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Crop Diversity in Swidden Fields:A Study in a Native Amazonian Society,Human Ecol36:569-580.
[13]S.H.斯波尔,B.V.巴恩斯.森林生态学[M].赵克绳,周祉,译.北京:中国林业出版社,1982:219.
[14]李景文.森林生态学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1994:146.
[15]Fox J.et al.,Shifting Cultivation:A NewOld Paradigm for Managing Tropical Forest,BioScience,2000,50(6).
[16]严冰,孔俊彬.不容易呵,20%森林覆盖率[N].人民日报:海外版,2009-12-05.
目录