云南腾冲上新统Cinnamomum cf.camphora叶形态和表皮微细构造研究
摘要
化石采自云南腾冲上新统芒棒组。通过对比叶结构和角质层微细构造特征,从宏观和微观两个角度将化石鉴定为樟科植物樟(相似种)Cinnamomum cf.camphora(L.)Presl。化石叶片为卵状椭圆形,基部宽楔形,全缘,离基三出脉;上表皮无气孔器,表皮细胞为不规则四边形或多边形;下表皮细胞为不规则多边形,脉络上可见少量单细胞毛基,下表皮具短平列型气孔器,2个保卫细胞肾形,副卫细胞1-2个。同时对采自云南昆明,湖北武汉和浙江宁海三个地区的Cinnamomum camphora毛基密度做研究。发现毛基密度受太阳辐射和年降雨量的影响较大,与太阳辐射强度呈正相关,而与年降雨量呈负相关。与其现存最近亲缘种Cinnamomum camphora相比,化石的毛基密度较高,推测主要受到太阳辐射的影响,即腾冲地区上新世时太阳辐射强度比现在强。
The Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl [Lauraceae] is a graceful,pleasantly scented and familiar native tree of southern China and neighbouring regions of S.E.Asia.It is of economic importance,especially historically,and is widely planted in Chinese cities and open spaces today.It has a well documented fossil record from the Tertiary not only of China and S.E.Asia but also from elsewhere.The present paper describes a new leaf record from the Pliocene of Yunnan,of material very similar in its leaf architecture and epidermal characters to the living species but not identical,and which we therefore refer to as C.cf.camphora.Amongst the many microscopic features of the epidermal cuticle,single celled trichomes [hairs] occur over the veins.Our study of the trichome density in extant C.camphora from three collection localities(Kunming in Yunnan,Ninghai in Zhejiang,and Wuhan in Hubei)shows that trichome density has a positive correlation with solar radiation intensity and a negative one with annual rainfall.Compared to its nearest living relative,C.camphora,the new fossil material had a higher trichome density,indicating that it probably grew under conditions of more intense sunlight in the Pliocene of central western Yunnan than exists there today.
The Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl [Lauraceae] is a graceful,pleasantly scented and familiar native tree of southern China and neighbouring regions of S.E.Asia.It is of economic importance,especially historically,and is widely planted in Chinese cities and open spaces today.It has a well documented fossil record from the Tertiary not only of China and S.E.Asia but also from elsewhere.The present paper describes a new leaf record from the Pliocene of Yunnan,of material very similar in its leaf architecture and epidermal characters to the living species but not identical,and which we therefore refer to as C.cf.camphora.Amongst the many microscopic features of the epidermal cuticle,single celled trichomes [hairs] occur over the veins.Our study of the trichome density in extant C.camphora from three collection localities(Kunming in Yunnan,Ninghai in Zhejiang,and Wuhan in Hubei)shows that trichome density has a positive correlation with solar radiation intensity and a negative one with annual rainfall.Compared to its nearest living relative,C.camphora,the new fossil material had a higher trichome density,indicating that it probably grew under conditions of more intense sunlight in the Pliocene of central western Yunnan than exists there today.
引文
Xie San-ping(解三平),2007.Numerical Taxonomy of Winged Fruits and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Angiosperm Lea-ves fromthe Neogene of West Yunnan.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.1—109(in Chinese with English abstract).
Meteorological Center Reference Roomof China Meteorological Administration(中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室),2003.ChineseGround Climate Standard Statistic from1971—2000.
Bandulska H,1926.On the cuticles of some fossil and recent Laura-ceae.Journal of the Linnean Society of London,Botany,47:384—421.
Bandulska H,1928.ACinnamonfrom the Bournemouth Eocene.Journal of the Linnean Society of London,Botany,48(320):139—147.
Bosu P P,Wagner MR,2007.Effects of induced water stress onleaftrichome density and foliar nutrients of threeel m(Ul mus)spe-cies:Implications for resistance to theel mleaf beetle.Environ-mental Entomology,36(3):595—601.
Christophel D C,Kerrigan R,Rowett AI,1996.The use of cuticularfeatures in the taxonomy of the Lauraceae.Annals of the Mis-souri Botanical Garden,83:419—432.
Dai Jing(戴静),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2009.Carpinus miofangianafromthe Pliocene of Teng-chong in Yunnan Province and its palaeoclimatic significance.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),24(9):1024—1032(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dai Jing(戴静),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2010.Cuticular microstructure ofLitseacf.chuniifromthe Pliocene of Tengchong,Yunnan Province.Journal ofLanzhou University(兰州大学学报),46(1):22—28(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Dilcher L D,1973.Approaches to the identification of angiospermleaf remains.The Botanical Review,40:1—157.
Drinnan A N,Crane P R,Friis E Met al.,1990.Lauraceous flowersfrom the Potomac Group(Mid-Cretaceous)of Eastern NorthAmerica.Botanical Gazette,151(3):370—384.
Eklund H,Kvacek J,1998.Lauraceous inflorescences and flowersfromthe Cenomanian of Bohemia(Czech Republic,Central Eu-rope).International Journal of Plant Sciences,159(4):668—686.
Ge Hong-ru(戈宏儒),Li Dai-yun(李代芸),1999.Cenozoic Coal-bearing Basin and Coal Regulation in Western Yunnan.Kun-ming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1—85(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Guo Shuang-xing(郭双兴),Yang Xue-lin(杨学林),1997.Age of the“Hunchun Formation”in Jilin,Northeast China.Journal ofStratigraphy(地层学杂志),21(4):307—311(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Hao Hai-ping(郝海平),Zhang Jin-tan(张金谈),1988.Decomposi-tion of acetic anhydride and variation of pollen shape and vo-lume.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology(植物学报),30(6):655—663(in Chinese with English abstract).
Haworth M,McEl wain J,2008.Hot,dry,wet,cold or toxic-Revisi-ting the ecological significance of leaf and cuticular micromor-phology.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,262(1-2):79—90.
Hill R S,1986.Lauraceous leaves fromthe Eocene of Nerriga,NewSouth Wales.Alcheringa,10:327—351.
Hu Ya-qin,Ferguson D K,Li Cheng-senet al.,2007.Alseodaphne(Lauraceae)fromthe Pliocene of China andits paleoclimatic sig-nificance.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,146(1-4):277—285.
IGMRN(Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources in Nanjing,南京地质矿产研究所),1982.Paleontological Atlas of EasternChina(3).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—303(inChinese).
IGMRS(Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources in Shenyang,沈阳地质矿产研究所),1980.Paleontological Atlas of NortheastChina(2).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—311(inChinese).
IGSH(Institute of Geology Science in Hubei,湖北省地质科学研究所),1977.Paleontological Atlas of Central South China(3).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.250—252(in Chinese).
Kerp H,1990.The study of fossil gymnosperms by means of cuticu-lar analysis.Palaios,5(6):548—569.
KIBCAS(Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy ofSciences,中国科学院昆明植物研究所),1983.Flora of Yunnan(3).Beijing:Science Press.1—210(in Chinese).
La Motte R S,1952.Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of NorthAmerica through1950.Geological Society of America,Memoir51:1—381.
Lake J A,Quick WP,Beerling DJet al.,2001.Plant development:Signals from mature to newleaves.Nature,411(6834):154.
Liakoura V,Stefanou M,Manetas Yet al.,1997.Trichome densityand its UV-B protective potential are affected by shading andleaf position on the canopy.Environmental and ExperimentalBotany,38(3):223—229.
Li Bai-fu(李百福),1994.The palynological assemblage of Diatoma-ceous Bed in Tengchong County.Geology of Yunnan(云南地质),13(3):312—323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Da-ming(李大明),Li Qi(李齐),Chen Wen-ji(陈文寄),2000.Volcanic activities in the Tengchong volcano area since Plio-cene.Acta Petrologica Sinica(岩石学报),16(3):362—370(inChinese with English abstract).
Li Hao-min(李浩敏),Zheng Ya-hui(郑亚惠),1995.Early Tertiaryflora.In:Li Xing-xue(李星学),Zhou Zhi-yan(周志炎),CaiChong-yang(蔡重阳)et al.(eds),Geological Time Flora in Chi-na.Guangzhou:Guangdong Science and Technology Press.345—373(in Chinese).
Li Jie(李捷),Li Xi-wen(李锡文),2004.Advances in Lauraceaesystematic research on the world scale.Acta Botanica Yunnani-ca(云南植物研究),26(1):1—11(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Li Jing-zhao,Qiu Jue,Liao Wen-boet al.,2009.Eocene fossilAlseo-daphnefrom Hainan Island of China andits paleoclimatic impli-cations.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),52(10):1537—1542.
Li Xi-wen(李锡文),1995.The origin and evolution ofLitseageneragroup(Lauraceae)in Lauraceae.Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),17(3):251—254(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Li Xi-wen(李锡文),Bai Pei-yu(白佩瑜),Li Ya-ru(李雅茹)et al.,1982.Flora of China(31).Beijing:Science Press.1—465(inChinese).
Li Xi-kang(李锡康),Tan Xiao-hong(谭莜虹),Gao Zi-ying(高子英)et al.,2004.The geological period and sedimentation environ-ment of Mangbang Formation in Tengchong area,Yunnan.Yunnan Geology(云南地质),23(2):241—251(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Liu Yu-sheng(刘裕生),1993.A palaeoclimatic analysis on EarlyPleistocene flora of Changsheling Formation,Baise Basin,Guangxi.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica(古生物学报),32(2):151—169(in Chinese with English abstract).
McEl wain J C,Chaloner W G,1996.The fossil cuticle as a skeletalrecord of environmental change.Palaios,11(4):376—388.
Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Cong Pei-yun(丛培允),Yan De-fei(闫德飞)et al.,2003.Cuticular structure of two angiosperm fossils inNeocene from Tengchong,Yunnan Province and its palaeoenvi-ronmental significance.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica(古生物学报),42(2):216—222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun Bai-nian,Yan De-fei,Xie San-pinget al.,2004.Palaeogene fossilPopulusleaves fromLanzhou Basin andtheir palaeoclimatic sig-nificance.Chinese Science Bulletin,49(13):1283—1289.
Takahashi M,Herendeen P S,Crane P R,2001.Lauraceous fossilflower from the Kamikitaba Locality(Lower Coniacian:UpperCretaceous)in northeastern Japan.Journal of Plant Research,114(4):429—434.
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),1992.The Tertiary vegetation and flora andfloristic regions in China.Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica(植物分类学报),30(1):25—43(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),2000.The Evolution of the Late Creta-ceous—Cenozoic Floras in China.Beijing:Science Press.1—118(in Chinese).
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),Du Nai-qiu(杜乃秋),1982.Neogene flora ofTengchong Basin in Western Yunnan,China.Acta BotanicaSinica(植物学报),24(3):273—281(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Wei Li-jie(韦利杰),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2005.Epidermal microstructural studies on PlantAlseo-daphne hainanensisMerr.from the Pliocene of Tengchong inYunnan Province.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica(微体古生物学报),22(4):392—399(in Chinese with English abstract).
WGCPC(Writing Group of Cenozoic Plants of China,中国新生代植物编写组),1978.Cenozoic Plants from China,Fossil Plants ofChina(3).Beijing:Science Press.1—232(in Chinese).
WGYV(Writing Group of Yunnan Vegetation,云南植被编写组),1987.Yunnan Vegetation.Beijing:Science Press.1—1024(inChinese).
Wu Jing-yu(吴靖宇),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)et al.,2008.Two NeogeneMachilus(Lauraceae)fossils leavesfrom Tengchong,Yunnan Province and its paleoenvironmentalsignificance.Geological Journal of China Universities(高校地质学报),14(1):90—98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ye Mei-na(叶美娜),1988.Research andtechnology approach of fos-sil cuticle.The Twelfth Annual Conference Paper Selection-Paleontological Society of China.Beijing:Science Press.1—25(in Chinese).
Zhang Zhi-cheng(张志诚),1985.Main stages of Cretaceous angio-sperms in north part of Northeast China.Acta PalaeontologicaSinica(古生物学报),24(4):453—460(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Meteorological Center Reference Roomof China Meteorological Administration(中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室),2003.ChineseGround Climate Standard Statistic from1971—2000.
Bandulska H,1926.On the cuticles of some fossil and recent Laura-ceae.Journal of the Linnean Society of London,Botany,47:384—421.
Bandulska H,1928.ACinnamonfrom the Bournemouth Eocene.Journal of the Linnean Society of London,Botany,48(320):139—147.
Bosu P P,Wagner MR,2007.Effects of induced water stress onleaftrichome density and foliar nutrients of threeel m(Ul mus)spe-cies:Implications for resistance to theel mleaf beetle.Environ-mental Entomology,36(3):595—601.
Christophel D C,Kerrigan R,Rowett AI,1996.The use of cuticularfeatures in the taxonomy of the Lauraceae.Annals of the Mis-souri Botanical Garden,83:419—432.
Dai Jing(戴静),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2009.Carpinus miofangianafromthe Pliocene of Teng-chong in Yunnan Province and its palaeoclimatic significance.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),24(9):1024—1032(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dai Jing(戴静),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2010.Cuticular microstructure ofLitseacf.chuniifromthe Pliocene of Tengchong,Yunnan Province.Journal ofLanzhou University(兰州大学学报),46(1):22—28(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Dilcher L D,1973.Approaches to the identification of angiospermleaf remains.The Botanical Review,40:1—157.
Drinnan A N,Crane P R,Friis E Met al.,1990.Lauraceous flowersfrom the Potomac Group(Mid-Cretaceous)of Eastern NorthAmerica.Botanical Gazette,151(3):370—384.
Eklund H,Kvacek J,1998.Lauraceous inflorescences and flowersfromthe Cenomanian of Bohemia(Czech Republic,Central Eu-rope).International Journal of Plant Sciences,159(4):668—686.
Ge Hong-ru(戈宏儒),Li Dai-yun(李代芸),1999.Cenozoic Coal-bearing Basin and Coal Regulation in Western Yunnan.Kun-ming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press.1—85(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Guo Shuang-xing(郭双兴),Yang Xue-lin(杨学林),1997.Age of the“Hunchun Formation”in Jilin,Northeast China.Journal ofStratigraphy(地层学杂志),21(4):307—311(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Hao Hai-ping(郝海平),Zhang Jin-tan(张金谈),1988.Decomposi-tion of acetic anhydride and variation of pollen shape and vo-lume.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology(植物学报),30(6):655—663(in Chinese with English abstract).
Haworth M,McEl wain J,2008.Hot,dry,wet,cold or toxic-Revisi-ting the ecological significance of leaf and cuticular micromor-phology.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,262(1-2):79—90.
Hill R S,1986.Lauraceous leaves fromthe Eocene of Nerriga,NewSouth Wales.Alcheringa,10:327—351.
Hu Ya-qin,Ferguson D K,Li Cheng-senet al.,2007.Alseodaphne(Lauraceae)fromthe Pliocene of China andits paleoclimatic sig-nificance.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,146(1-4):277—285.
IGMRN(Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources in Nanjing,南京地质矿产研究所),1982.Paleontological Atlas of EasternChina(3).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—303(inChinese).
IGMRS(Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources in Shenyang,沈阳地质矿产研究所),1980.Paleontological Atlas of NortheastChina(2).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—311(inChinese).
IGSH(Institute of Geology Science in Hubei,湖北省地质科学研究所),1977.Paleontological Atlas of Central South China(3).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.250—252(in Chinese).
Kerp H,1990.The study of fossil gymnosperms by means of cuticu-lar analysis.Palaios,5(6):548—569.
KIBCAS(Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy ofSciences,中国科学院昆明植物研究所),1983.Flora of Yunnan(3).Beijing:Science Press.1—210(in Chinese).
La Motte R S,1952.Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of NorthAmerica through1950.Geological Society of America,Memoir51:1—381.
Lake J A,Quick WP,Beerling DJet al.,2001.Plant development:Signals from mature to newleaves.Nature,411(6834):154.
Liakoura V,Stefanou M,Manetas Yet al.,1997.Trichome densityand its UV-B protective potential are affected by shading andleaf position on the canopy.Environmental and ExperimentalBotany,38(3):223—229.
Li Bai-fu(李百福),1994.The palynological assemblage of Diatoma-ceous Bed in Tengchong County.Geology of Yunnan(云南地质),13(3):312—323(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Da-ming(李大明),Li Qi(李齐),Chen Wen-ji(陈文寄),2000.Volcanic activities in the Tengchong volcano area since Plio-cene.Acta Petrologica Sinica(岩石学报),16(3):362—370(inChinese with English abstract).
Li Hao-min(李浩敏),Zheng Ya-hui(郑亚惠),1995.Early Tertiaryflora.In:Li Xing-xue(李星学),Zhou Zhi-yan(周志炎),CaiChong-yang(蔡重阳)et al.(eds),Geological Time Flora in Chi-na.Guangzhou:Guangdong Science and Technology Press.345—373(in Chinese).
Li Jie(李捷),Li Xi-wen(李锡文),2004.Advances in Lauraceaesystematic research on the world scale.Acta Botanica Yunnani-ca(云南植物研究),26(1):1—11(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Li Jing-zhao,Qiu Jue,Liao Wen-boet al.,2009.Eocene fossilAlseo-daphnefrom Hainan Island of China andits paleoclimatic impli-cations.Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),52(10):1537—1542.
Li Xi-wen(李锡文),1995.The origin and evolution ofLitseageneragroup(Lauraceae)in Lauraceae.Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),17(3):251—254(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Li Xi-wen(李锡文),Bai Pei-yu(白佩瑜),Li Ya-ru(李雅茹)et al.,1982.Flora of China(31).Beijing:Science Press.1—465(inChinese).
Li Xi-kang(李锡康),Tan Xiao-hong(谭莜虹),Gao Zi-ying(高子英)et al.,2004.The geological period and sedimentation environ-ment of Mangbang Formation in Tengchong area,Yunnan.Yunnan Geology(云南地质),23(2):241—251(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
Liu Yu-sheng(刘裕生),1993.A palaeoclimatic analysis on EarlyPleistocene flora of Changsheling Formation,Baise Basin,Guangxi.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica(古生物学报),32(2):151—169(in Chinese with English abstract).
McEl wain J C,Chaloner W G,1996.The fossil cuticle as a skeletalrecord of environmental change.Palaios,11(4):376—388.
Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Cong Pei-yun(丛培允),Yan De-fei(闫德飞)et al.,2003.Cuticular structure of two angiosperm fossils inNeocene from Tengchong,Yunnan Province and its palaeoenvi-ronmental significance.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica(古生物学报),42(2):216—222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun Bai-nian,Yan De-fei,Xie San-pinget al.,2004.Palaeogene fossilPopulusleaves fromLanzhou Basin andtheir palaeoclimatic sig-nificance.Chinese Science Bulletin,49(13):1283—1289.
Takahashi M,Herendeen P S,Crane P R,2001.Lauraceous fossilflower from the Kamikitaba Locality(Lower Coniacian:UpperCretaceous)in northeastern Japan.Journal of Plant Research,114(4):429—434.
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),1992.The Tertiary vegetation and flora andfloristic regions in China.Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica(植物分类学报),30(1):25—43(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),2000.The Evolution of the Late Creta-ceous—Cenozoic Floras in China.Beijing:Science Press.1—118(in Chinese).
Tao Jun-rong(陶君容),Du Nai-qiu(杜乃秋),1982.Neogene flora ofTengchong Basin in Western Yunnan,China.Acta BotanicaSinica(植物学报),24(3):273—281(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Wei Li-jie(韦利杰),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)etal.,2005.Epidermal microstructural studies on PlantAlseo-daphne hainanensisMerr.from the Pliocene of Tengchong inYunnan Province.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica(微体古生物学报),22(4):392—399(in Chinese with English abstract).
WGCPC(Writing Group of Cenozoic Plants of China,中国新生代植物编写组),1978.Cenozoic Plants from China,Fossil Plants ofChina(3).Beijing:Science Press.1—232(in Chinese).
WGYV(Writing Group of Yunnan Vegetation,云南植被编写组),1987.Yunnan Vegetation.Beijing:Science Press.1—1024(inChinese).
Wu Jing-yu(吴靖宇),Sun Bai-nian(孙柏年),Xie San-ping(解三平)et al.,2008.Two NeogeneMachilus(Lauraceae)fossils leavesfrom Tengchong,Yunnan Province and its paleoenvironmentalsignificance.Geological Journal of China Universities(高校地质学报),14(1):90—98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ye Mei-na(叶美娜),1988.Research andtechnology approach of fos-sil cuticle.The Twelfth Annual Conference Paper Selection-Paleontological Society of China.Beijing:Science Press.1—25(in Chinese).
Zhang Zhi-cheng(张志诚),1985.Main stages of Cretaceous angio-sperms in north part of Northeast China.Acta PalaeontologicaSinica(古生物学报),24(4):453—460(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
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