现代长江沉积物地球化学组成的不均一性与物源示踪
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摘要
长江沉积物从源到汇过程研究的关键是揭示长江沉积物的组成特征,准确识别其时空组成变化规律,这也是东部边缘海海陆相互作用研究和长江水系构造演化研究的关键。本文研究一些常用的元素地球化学参数在现代长江水系的河漫滩和悬浮沉积物中组成的时空变化特点。在稀土元素(REE)组成上,下游近河口段干流悬浮沉积物在季节性时间尺度上比较稳定,可以代表现代长江入海沉积物的平均组成,而长江主要支流和干流间REE组成变化较大,化学相态分析可以更好地揭示特定物源区的REE组成特征以及由矿物分异引起的REE参数变化。相比REE而言,悬浮物中Al/Ti与Zr/Rb比值更能敏感地指示不同物源区的源岩组成信息,且减弱水动力分选引起的粒级和矿物分异影响。长江入河口的干流悬浮物作为整个流域风化剥蚀细颗粒物质的平均混合,具有更好的源区平均组成的示踪特性;但在不同季节也存在不同的主导性源区,主要受控于流域内季风降雨区的迁移。在河流沉积物源汇过程重建中,要特别关注流域物质风化和输运的自然过程可能引起的这些地球化学参数变化。
The key for sediment source to sink study of the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) is to reveal the chemical composition of the Changjiang River sediment and to understand the compositional variations at different spatial and temporal scales,which are also important for the studies of land-sea interaction in the eastern marginal seas and of tectono-climatic evolutions of the Changjiang River.In this study,a total of 9 suspended and 25 fine-grained floodplain sediment samples were collected from the upper Jinshajiang River in Lijiang to near the Changjiang River mouth in March and April of 2003 and 2004,July and August of 2008,and July of 2009.In additional suspended sediment samples were taken from the lower Changjiang mainstream near Nantong during the period from April 2008to April 2009,with each sampling interval of every week.In the State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology,the analyses of grain size and elemental compositions were carried out on these samples.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the heterogeneity of sediment geochemical composition of the Changjiang River sediments with emphasis on rare earth elements(REE) and other geochemical parameters.In particular,the REE fractionation parameters including(La/Yb)_(UCC),(La/Sm)_(UCC),(Gd/Yb)_(UCC),Ce and Eu anomalies,ratios of Al/Ti and Zr/Rb,and chemical index of alteration CIA were discussed in this study.The REE compositions of the seasonal suspended sediments taken from the lower mainstream near the river mouth are quite stable,reflecting the average composition of the fine-grained Changjiang River sediment into the sea.In contrast,the REE compositions exhibit large variations in the floodplain and suspended sediments from the major tributaries and other localities of the mainstream.Chemical speciation analysis can better reflect the REE compositions in the sediments from unique provenances,and reveal the variability of REE fractionation parameters caused by mineral sorting during sediment transport.Compared to REE,the ratios of Al/Ti and Zr/Rb in the suspended sediments are more sensitive to the changes of sediment provenances by minimizing the influences of sediment grain size and mineral fractionations in relation to hydrological sorting.As the averaged mixture of finegrained sediments weathered from the whole Changjiang River drainage basin,the suspended sediments in the lower mainstream near the river mouth can be used as the modern representative of the Changjiang-derived sediments in the sea.Nevertheless,the dominant provenances of the Changjiang River sediments into the estuary and marginal sea change with seasons,mainly because of the seasonal shifts of monsoon precipitation fronts in the drainage basin.It has to be cautious in using some widely-documented geochemical proxies to reconstruct the source-to-sink pattern of fluvial sediments due to the influences of weathering and sediment transport processes.
The key for sediment source to sink study of the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) is to reveal the chemical composition of the Changjiang River sediment and to understand the compositional variations at different spatial and temporal scales,which are also important for the studies of land-sea interaction in the eastern marginal seas and of tectono-climatic evolutions of the Changjiang River.In this study,a total of 9 suspended and 25 fine-grained floodplain sediment samples were collected from the upper Jinshajiang River in Lijiang to near the Changjiang River mouth in March and April of 2003 and 2004,July and August of 2008,and July of 2009.In additional suspended sediment samples were taken from the lower Changjiang mainstream near Nantong during the period from April 2008to April 2009,with each sampling interval of every week.In the State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology,the analyses of grain size and elemental compositions were carried out on these samples.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the heterogeneity of sediment geochemical composition of the Changjiang River sediments with emphasis on rare earth elements(REE) and other geochemical parameters.In particular,the REE fractionation parameters including(La/Yb)_(UCC),(La/Sm)_(UCC),(Gd/Yb)_(UCC),Ce and Eu anomalies,ratios of Al/Ti and Zr/Rb,and chemical index of alteration CIA were discussed in this study.The REE compositions of the seasonal suspended sediments taken from the lower mainstream near the river mouth are quite stable,reflecting the average composition of the fine-grained Changjiang River sediment into the sea.In contrast,the REE compositions exhibit large variations in the floodplain and suspended sediments from the major tributaries and other localities of the mainstream.Chemical speciation analysis can better reflect the REE compositions in the sediments from unique provenances,and reveal the variability of REE fractionation parameters caused by mineral sorting during sediment transport.Compared to REE,the ratios of Al/Ti and Zr/Rb in the suspended sediments are more sensitive to the changes of sediment provenances by minimizing the influences of sediment grain size and mineral fractionations in relation to hydrological sorting.As the averaged mixture of finegrained sediments weathered from the whole Changjiang River drainage basin,the suspended sediments in the lower mainstream near the river mouth can be used as the modern representative of the Changjiang-derived sediments in the sea.Nevertheless,the dominant provenances of the Changjiang River sediments into the estuary and marginal sea change with seasons,mainly because of the seasonal shifts of monsoon precipitation fronts in the drainage basin.It has to be cautious in using some widely-documented geochemical proxies to reconstruct the source-to-sink pattern of fluvial sediments due to the influences of weathering and sediment transport processes.
引文
1 Zhang J,Huang W W,Liu M G et al.Drainage basin weathering and major element transportation of two large Chinese rivers(Huanghe and Changjiang).Journal of Geophysical Research,1990,95(C8):13277-13288
2 Zhu W,Kennedy M,de Leer E W B et al.Distribution and modeling of rare earth elements in Chinese river sediments.The Science of Total Environment,1997,204(3):233-243
3 Zhang C S,Wang L J,Zhang S.Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the mainstream of the Yangtze River,China.Applied Geochemistry,1998,13(4):451-462
4杨作升.黄河、长江、珠江沉积物中粘土的矿物组合、化学特征及其与物源区气候环境的关系.海洋与湖沼,1988,19(4):336-346Yang Zuosheng.Mineralogical assemblages and chemical characteristics of clays from sediments of the Huanghe,Changjiang,Zhujiang rivers and their relationship to the climate environment in their sediment source areas.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1988,19(4):578-588
5陈静生,李元惠,乐嘉祥等.我国河流的物理与化学侵蚀作用.科学通报,1984,29(15):932-936Chen Jingsheng,Li Yuanhui,Le Jiaxiang et al.Physical and chemical denudation in Chinese river basins.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(15):932-936
6屈翠辉,郑建勋,杨绍晋等.黄河、长江、珠江下游控制站悬浮物的化学成分及其制约因素的研究.科学通报,1984,29(17):1063-1066Qu Cuihui,Zheng Jianxun,Yang Shaojing et al.Chemical composition of the suspended particulate matter in the gauge stations of the lower reaches of the Huanghe,Changjiang and Zhujiang rivers and their controlling factors.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(17):1063-1066
7茅昌平.长江流域沉积物(悬浮物)的地球化学.南京:南京大学博士学位论文,2009.44-121Mao Changping.Geochemistry of the Sediment(Suspended Particulate Matter)in the Yangtze River Catchment.Nanjing;The Ph.D Thesis of Nanjing University,2009.44-121
8许炯心.长江上游屏山至宜昌间河道泥沙存贮量的变化及其地貌学意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(4):569-577Xu Jiongxin.Variation in channel sediment storage in the section between Pingshan and Yichang of the upper reaches of Changjiang River and some geomorphic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4):569-577
9韦桃源,陈中原,魏子新等.长江河口区第四纪沉积物中的地球化学元素分布特征及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):397-405Wei Taiyuan,Chen Zhongyuan,Wei Zixin et al.The distribution of geochemical trace elements in the Quaternary sediments of the Changjiang River mout and the paleoenvironmental implications.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(3):397-405
10杨守业,韦刚健,夏小平等.长江口晚新生代沉积物的物源研究:REE和Nd同位素制约.第四纪研究,2007,27(3):339-346Yang Shouye,Wei Gangjian,Xia Xiaoping et al.Provenance study of the Late Cenozoic sediments in the Changjiang delta:REE and Nd isotopic constraints.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(3);339-346
11乔淑卿,杨作升.长江与黄河入海沉积物不同粒级组分中稀土元素组成的比较.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(6):9-16Qiao Shuqing,Yang Zuosheng.Comparison of rare earth element compositions in different grain-size fractions of sediments from the Yangtze and Yellow rivers and the sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2007,27(6):9-16
12 Jiang Fuqing,Zhou Xiaojing,Li Anchun et al.Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River usingδEuN-ΣREEs plot.Science in China(Series D),2009,52(2):232-241
13杨守业,李从先.长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作用.地球化学,1999,28(4):374-380Yang Shouye,Li Congxian.REE geochemistry and tracing application in the Yangtze River and the Yellow River sediments.Geochimica,1999,28(4):374-380
14杨守业,王中波.长江主要支流与干流的REE组成.矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(1):31-39Yang Shouye,Wang Zhongbo.Rare earth elemental compositions in the sediments from the major tributaries and main stream of the Changjiang River.Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2011,30(1):31-39
15 Yang S Y,Jung H S,Choi M S et al.The rare earth element compositions of the Changjiang(Yangtze)and Huanghe(Yellow)river sediments.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,201(2):407-419
16李从先,杨守业,范代读等.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响.第四纪研究,2004,24(5):495-500Li Congxian,Yang Shouye,Fan Daidu et al.The change in Changjiang suspended load and its impact on the delta after completion of Three-Gorge dam.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(5):495-500
17 Dou Y G,Yang S Y,Liu Z X et al.Provenance discrimination of siliciclastic sediments in the middle Okinawa Trough since 30ka;Constraints from rare earth element compositions.Marine Geology,2010,275(1-4):212-220
18杨作升,陈晓辉.百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨.第四纪研究,2007,27(5):690-699Yang Zuosheng,Chen Xiaohui.Centurial high resolution records of sediment grain-size variation in the mud area off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary and its influencial factors.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(5):690-699
19 Xu K H,Li A C,Liu P et al.Provenance,structure,and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea;A synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system.Marine Geology,2012,291-294:176-191
20 Yang Shouye,Li Congxian,Lee Chang-Bok et al.REE geochemistry of suspended sediments from the rivers around the Yellow Sea and provenance indicators.Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(11):1135-1139
21 Nesbitt H W,Young G M.Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites.Nature,1982,299:715-717
22 Shao Jingqing,Yang Shouye.Does chemical index of alteration(CIA)reflect silicate weathering and monsoonal climate in the Changjiang drainage basin?Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(10):1178-1187
23 Li C,Yang S Y.Is chemical index of alteration(CIA)a reliable proxy for chemical weathering in global drainage basins?American Journal of Science,2010,310(2):111-127
24 McLennan S M.Weathering and global denudation.Journal of Geology,1993,101(2):295-303
25 Taylor S R,McLennan S M.The Continental Crust:Its Composition and Evolution.Oxford:Blackwells,1985.29-45
26 Shao J Q,Yang S Y,Li C.Chemical indices(CIA and WIP)as proxies for integrated chemical weathering in China;Inferences from analysis of fluvial sediments.Sedimentary Geology,2012,265-266:110-120
27 Bau M,Dulski P.Anthropogenic origin of positive Gadolinium anomalies in river waters.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1996,143(1-4):245-255
28曾辰,杨守业,王磊等.长江于流悬浮物中元素相态组成与环境指示.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(1):19-26Zeng Ceng,Yang Shouye,Wang Lei et al.Elemental composition in the suspended sediments from the Changjiang River and its environmental implication.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2012,32(1):19-26
29 Garzanti E,Ando S,France-Lanord C et al.Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments 2.Suspended-load silt(Ganga-Brahmaputra,Bangladesh).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,302(1-2):107-120
30 Garzanti E,Ando S,France-Lanord C et al.Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments 1.Bedload sand(Ganga-Brahmaputra,Bangladesh).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,299(3-4):368-381
31 Whitmore G P,Crook K A W,Johnson D P.Grain size control of mineralogy and geochemistry in modem river sediment,New Guinea collision,Papua New Guinea.Sedimentary Geology,2004,171(1-4):129-157
32 Lupker M,France-Lanord C,Galy V et al.Predominant floodplain over mountain weathering of Himalayan sediments(Ganga Basin).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,84:410-432
33 Luo C,Zheng H B,Wu W H et al.Sr-Nd isotope stratification along water depth:An example from Datong hydrological station of Yangtze River.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(34):4482-4490
34 Condie K C.Another look at REEs in shales.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1991,55(9):2527-2531.
35 Cullers R L,Barrett T,Carlson R et al.REE and mineralogical changes in Holocene soil and stream sediment:A case study in the Wet Mountains,Colorado,USA.Chemical Geology,1987,63(3-4):275-297
36 Elderfield H,Upstill-Goddard R,Sholkovitz E R.The rare earth elements in rivers,estuaries,and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1990,54(4):971-991
37 Jin Z D,Li F C,Cao J J et al.Geochemistry of Daihai Lake sediments,Inner Mongolia,North China;Implications for provenance,sedimentary sorting,and catchment weathering.Geomorphology,2006,80(3-4):147-163
38 Krom M D,Michard A,Cliff R A et al.Sources of sediment to the Ionian Sea and western Levantine Basin of the eastern Mediterranean during S-1 sapropel times.Marine Geology,1999,160(1-2):45-61
39 Chen H F,Chang Y P,Kao S J et al.Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of sediment-source region changes in the Okinawa Trough during the past 100ka(IMAGES core MD012404).Journal of Asian Earth Science,2011,40(6):1238-1249
40 Wei G J,Liu Y,Li X H et al.Major and trace element variations of the sediments at ODP Site 1144,South China Sea,during the last230ka and their paleoclimate implications.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2004,212(3-4):331-342
41唐晶晶.1952-2007年间长江流域降水时空分布变化——全球变暖下降水重新分配实例分析.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2010.13-17,55-60Tang Jingjing.The Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Precipitation in the Changjiang Drainage Basin during 1952-2007:Case Study of the Re-distribution of Rainfall in Case of Global Warming.Shanghai:The Master Thesis of East China Normal University,2010.13-17,55-60
2 Zhu W,Kennedy M,de Leer E W B et al.Distribution and modeling of rare earth elements in Chinese river sediments.The Science of Total Environment,1997,204(3):233-243
3 Zhang C S,Wang L J,Zhang S.Geochemistry of rare earth elements in the mainstream of the Yangtze River,China.Applied Geochemistry,1998,13(4):451-462
4杨作升.黄河、长江、珠江沉积物中粘土的矿物组合、化学特征及其与物源区气候环境的关系.海洋与湖沼,1988,19(4):336-346Yang Zuosheng.Mineralogical assemblages and chemical characteristics of clays from sediments of the Huanghe,Changjiang,Zhujiang rivers and their relationship to the climate environment in their sediment source areas.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1988,19(4):578-588
5陈静生,李元惠,乐嘉祥等.我国河流的物理与化学侵蚀作用.科学通报,1984,29(15):932-936Chen Jingsheng,Li Yuanhui,Le Jiaxiang et al.Physical and chemical denudation in Chinese river basins.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(15):932-936
6屈翠辉,郑建勋,杨绍晋等.黄河、长江、珠江下游控制站悬浮物的化学成分及其制约因素的研究.科学通报,1984,29(17):1063-1066Qu Cuihui,Zheng Jianxun,Yang Shaojing et al.Chemical composition of the suspended particulate matter in the gauge stations of the lower reaches of the Huanghe,Changjiang and Zhujiang rivers and their controlling factors.Chinese Science Bulletin,1984,29(17):1063-1066
7茅昌平.长江流域沉积物(悬浮物)的地球化学.南京:南京大学博士学位论文,2009.44-121Mao Changping.Geochemistry of the Sediment(Suspended Particulate Matter)in the Yangtze River Catchment.Nanjing;The Ph.D Thesis of Nanjing University,2009.44-121
8许炯心.长江上游屏山至宜昌间河道泥沙存贮量的变化及其地貌学意义.第四纪研究,2008,28(4):569-577Xu Jiongxin.Variation in channel sediment storage in the section between Pingshan and Yichang of the upper reaches of Changjiang River and some geomorphic implications.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4):569-577
9韦桃源,陈中原,魏子新等.长江河口区第四纪沉积物中的地球化学元素分布特征及其古环境意义.第四纪研究,2006,26(3):397-405Wei Taiyuan,Chen Zhongyuan,Wei Zixin et al.The distribution of geochemical trace elements in the Quaternary sediments of the Changjiang River mout and the paleoenvironmental implications.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(3):397-405
10杨守业,韦刚健,夏小平等.长江口晚新生代沉积物的物源研究:REE和Nd同位素制约.第四纪研究,2007,27(3):339-346Yang Shouye,Wei Gangjian,Xia Xiaoping et al.Provenance study of the Late Cenozoic sediments in the Changjiang delta:REE and Nd isotopic constraints.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(3);339-346
11乔淑卿,杨作升.长江与黄河入海沉积物不同粒级组分中稀土元素组成的比较.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(6):9-16Qiao Shuqing,Yang Zuosheng.Comparison of rare earth element compositions in different grain-size fractions of sediments from the Yangtze and Yellow rivers and the sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2007,27(6):9-16
12 Jiang Fuqing,Zhou Xiaojing,Li Anchun et al.Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River usingδEuN-ΣREEs plot.Science in China(Series D),2009,52(2):232-241
13杨守业,李从先.长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作用.地球化学,1999,28(4):374-380Yang Shouye,Li Congxian.REE geochemistry and tracing application in the Yangtze River and the Yellow River sediments.Geochimica,1999,28(4):374-380
14杨守业,王中波.长江主要支流与干流的REE组成.矿物岩石地球化学通报,2011,30(1):31-39Yang Shouye,Wang Zhongbo.Rare earth elemental compositions in the sediments from the major tributaries and main stream of the Changjiang River.Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2011,30(1):31-39
15 Yang S Y,Jung H S,Choi M S et al.The rare earth element compositions of the Changjiang(Yangtze)and Huanghe(Yellow)river sediments.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,201(2):407-419
16李从先,杨守业,范代读等.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响.第四纪研究,2004,24(5):495-500Li Congxian,Yang Shouye,Fan Daidu et al.The change in Changjiang suspended load and its impact on the delta after completion of Three-Gorge dam.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(5):495-500
17 Dou Y G,Yang S Y,Liu Z X et al.Provenance discrimination of siliciclastic sediments in the middle Okinawa Trough since 30ka;Constraints from rare earth element compositions.Marine Geology,2010,275(1-4):212-220
18杨作升,陈晓辉.百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨.第四纪研究,2007,27(5):690-699Yang Zuosheng,Chen Xiaohui.Centurial high resolution records of sediment grain-size variation in the mud area off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary and its influencial factors.Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(5):690-699
19 Xu K H,Li A C,Liu P et al.Provenance,structure,and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea;A synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system.Marine Geology,2012,291-294:176-191
20 Yang Shouye,Li Congxian,Lee Chang-Bok et al.REE geochemistry of suspended sediments from the rivers around the Yellow Sea and provenance indicators.Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(11):1135-1139
21 Nesbitt H W,Young G M.Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites.Nature,1982,299:715-717
22 Shao Jingqing,Yang Shouye.Does chemical index of alteration(CIA)reflect silicate weathering and monsoonal climate in the Changjiang drainage basin?Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(10):1178-1187
23 Li C,Yang S Y.Is chemical index of alteration(CIA)a reliable proxy for chemical weathering in global drainage basins?American Journal of Science,2010,310(2):111-127
24 McLennan S M.Weathering and global denudation.Journal of Geology,1993,101(2):295-303
25 Taylor S R,McLennan S M.The Continental Crust:Its Composition and Evolution.Oxford:Blackwells,1985.29-45
26 Shao J Q,Yang S Y,Li C.Chemical indices(CIA and WIP)as proxies for integrated chemical weathering in China;Inferences from analysis of fluvial sediments.Sedimentary Geology,2012,265-266:110-120
27 Bau M,Dulski P.Anthropogenic origin of positive Gadolinium anomalies in river waters.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1996,143(1-4):245-255
28曾辰,杨守业,王磊等.长江于流悬浮物中元素相态组成与环境指示.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(1):19-26Zeng Ceng,Yang Shouye,Wang Lei et al.Elemental composition in the suspended sediments from the Changjiang River and its environmental implication.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2012,32(1):19-26
29 Garzanti E,Ando S,France-Lanord C et al.Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments 2.Suspended-load silt(Ganga-Brahmaputra,Bangladesh).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,302(1-2):107-120
30 Garzanti E,Ando S,France-Lanord C et al.Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments 1.Bedload sand(Ganga-Brahmaputra,Bangladesh).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,299(3-4):368-381
31 Whitmore G P,Crook K A W,Johnson D P.Grain size control of mineralogy and geochemistry in modem river sediment,New Guinea collision,Papua New Guinea.Sedimentary Geology,2004,171(1-4):129-157
32 Lupker M,France-Lanord C,Galy V et al.Predominant floodplain over mountain weathering of Himalayan sediments(Ganga Basin).Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,84:410-432
33 Luo C,Zheng H B,Wu W H et al.Sr-Nd isotope stratification along water depth:An example from Datong hydrological station of Yangtze River.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(34):4482-4490
34 Condie K C.Another look at REEs in shales.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1991,55(9):2527-2531.
35 Cullers R L,Barrett T,Carlson R et al.REE and mineralogical changes in Holocene soil and stream sediment:A case study in the Wet Mountains,Colorado,USA.Chemical Geology,1987,63(3-4):275-297
36 Elderfield H,Upstill-Goddard R,Sholkovitz E R.The rare earth elements in rivers,estuaries,and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1990,54(4):971-991
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