贵州新民二叠系—三叠系界线剖面有机碳同位素变化特征及生物地球化学意义
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摘要
本文研究了贵州新民二叠系—三叠系界线剖面有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)组成和疑源类、菌藻类丰度的变化特征。δ13Corg在二叠纪末期存在缓慢降低和陡然降低两个阶段:缓慢降低发生于Clarkina yini带中下部,陡然降低出现在Clarkina meishanensis带内部。δ13Corg的缓慢下降与疑源类、菌藻类的丰度值保持在较低的水平相一致;δ13Corg的陡然降低是火山活动海洋生态系的破坏以及可能存在甲烷释放等作用的结果。δ13Corg的缓慢降低和陡然降低表明了海洋环境由渐变到突变的过程。δ13Corg陡然降低之前出现较高值,该层位与绿硫细菌的繁盛层位相对应,说明绿硫细菌可能是造成这一较高值的主要原因。与浅水相剖面相比,新民剖面δ13Corg在早三叠世早期仍然呈下降趋势,说明生态环境持续恶化,海洋生产率低下,生物复苏延缓。
Bulk organic carbon isotope compositions and the abundance of acritachs, algae and microbes were examined from the Permian—Triassic boundary at Xinmin section, Guizhou. δ13Corg data highlight environment changes in the latest Permian and show the following features: a gradual decreasing phase begins in Clarkina yini zone, corresponding to the low abundance value of acritachs, algae and microbes; a sharp decreasing phase occurs during Clarkina meishanensis zone, which could be caused by the combination of volcanic activity, marine biological breakdown and a sudden release of methane hydrate. The two phases reflect that the marine environment changed from the gradual transformation to mutation process. δ13Corg exhibit a positive peak before the sharp decrease above the event horizon, and the flourishing of green sulfur bacteria may result in this positive peak. δ13Corg in Xinmin section is still a downward trend in the earliest Triassic compared with some shallow-water sections, indicating deteriorating ecological environment, low marine productivity and delayed biological recovery.
Bulk organic carbon isotope compositions and the abundance of acritachs, algae and microbes were examined from the Permian—Triassic boundary at Xinmin section, Guizhou. δ13Corg data highlight environment changes in the latest Permian and show the following features: a gradual decreasing phase begins in Clarkina yini zone, corresponding to the low abundance value of acritachs, algae and microbes; a sharp decreasing phase occurs during Clarkina meishanensis zone, which could be caused by the combination of volcanic activity, marine biological breakdown and a sudden release of methane hydrate. The two phases reflect that the marine environment changed from the gradual transformation to mutation process. δ13Corg exhibit a positive peak before the sharp decrease above the event horizon, and the flourishing of green sulfur bacteria may result in this positive peak. δ13Corg in Xinmin section is still a downward trend in the earliest Triassic compared with some shallow-water sections, indicating deteriorating ecological environment, low marine productivity and delayed biological recovery.
引文
曹长群,王伟,金玉.2002.浙江煤山二叠/三叠系界线附近碳同位素变化.科学通报,47(4):302-305.
龚一鸣,徐冉,汤中道,司远兰,李保华.2005.晚泥盆世F—F之交菌藻微生物繁荣与集群绝灭的关系:来自碳同位素和分子化石的启示.中国科学(D辑),35(2):140-148.
雷勇,冯庆来,桂碧雯.2010.安徽巢湖平顶山剖面上二叠统大隆组有机质富集的地球生物学模式.古地理学报,12(2):204-205.
南君亚,刘育燕.2004.浙江煤山二叠—三叠系界线剖面有机和无机碳同位素变化与古环境.地球化学,33(1):9-16.
殷鸿福,黄思骥,张克信.1989.华南二叠纪—三叠纪之交的火山活动及其对生物绝灭的影响.地质学报,63(2):169.
张克信.1991.二叠纪—三叠纪过渡时期灾变事件研究进展.地质科技情报,10(3):37-40.
Arthur M A,Dean W E,Claypool G E.1985.Anomalous13Cenrichment in modern marine organic carbon.Nature,315:216-218.
Beerling DJ,Harfoot M,Lomax B,Pyle J A.2007.The stability ofthe stratospheric ozonelayer duringthe end-Permian eruption ofthe Siberian Traps.Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A,2007,365:1843-1866.
Cao Changqun,Love G D,Hays L E,Wang Wei,Shen Shuzhong,Summons R E.2009.Biogeochemical evidence for euxinicoceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end-Permianmass extinction event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,281:188-201.
Erwin D H.1993.The Great Paleozoic Crisis:Life and Death in thePermian.Columbia Univ.Press,New York,327.
Erwin D H.1994.The Permo-Triassic extinction.Nature,367:231-236.
Falkowski P G,Barber R T,Smetacek V.1998.BiogeochemicalControls and Feedbacks on Ocean Pri mary Production.Science,281:200-206.
Fraiser ML,Bottjer D J.2007.Elevated at mospheric CO2and thedelayed biotic recovery fromthe end Permian mass extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,252:164-175.
Grice K,Cao Changqun,Love G D,Bottcher ME,Twitchett RJ,Grosjean E,Summons R E,Turgeon S C,Dunning W,Jin YG.2005.Photic zone euxinia during the Permian Triassicsuperanoxic event.Science,307:706-709.
Grice K,Nabbefeld B,Maslen E.2007.Source and significance ofselected polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbonsin sedi ments(Hovea-3well,Perth Basin,Western Australia)spanningthe Permian—Triassic boundary.Organic Geochemistry,38:1795-1803.
Hollander DJ,McKenzie J A.1991.CO2control on carbonisotopefractionation during aqueous photosynthesis:A palaeo-pco2barometer.Geology,19:929-932.
Jiang Haishui,Lai Xulong,Luo Genming,Aldridge R,ZhangKexin,Wignall P.2007.Restudy of conodont zonation andevolution across the P/T boundary at Meishan section,Changxing,Zhejiang,China.Global and Planetary Change,55(1-3):39-55.
Jin Y G,Wang Y,Wang W,Shang Q H,Cao C Q,Erwin D H.2000.Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian—Triassic boundary in South China.Science,289:432-436.
Jin Y G,Wang Y,Henderson C,Wardlaw B R,Shen S Z,Cao CQ.2006.The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for the base of Changhsingian Stage(Upper Permian).Episodes,29:175-182.
Kaiho K,Chen Z Q,Sawada K.2009.Possible causes for a negativeshift in the stable carbon isotope ratio before,during and afterthe end-Permian mass extinction in Meishan,South China.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,56:799-808.
Kauf man AJ,Knoll A H.1995.Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotope composition of seawater:Stratigraphic andbiogeochemical i mplications.Precambrian Research,73:27-49.
Kidder D L,Worsley T R.2004.Causes and consequences ofextreme Permo-Triassic warmingto globally equable cli mate andrelation to the Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,203:207-237.
Korte C,Kozur H W,Joachi mski,M M,Strauss H,Veizer J,Schwark L.2004.Carbon,sulfur,oxygen and strontiumisotope records,organic geochemistry and biostratigraphyacross the Permian/Triassic boundary in Abadeh,Iran.International Journal of Earth Sciences,93:565-581.
Kozur H W.1998.Some aspects of the Permian—Triassic boundary(PTB)and of the possible causes for the biotic crisis aroundthisboundary.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,143:227-272.
Kump L R.1991.Interpreting Carbon Isotope Excursions:Strangelove Oceans.Geology,19:299-302.
Kump L R,Arthur M A.1999.Interpreting Carbon-IsotopeExcursions:Carbonates and Organic Matter.ChemicalGeology,161:181-198.
Kump L R,Pavlov A,Arthur M A.2005.Massive release ofhydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and at mosphere duringintervals of oceanic anoxia.Geology,33:397-400.
Luo Genming,Huang Junhua,Xie Shucheng,Wignall P B,TangXinyan,Huang Xianyu,Yin Hongfu.2010.Relationshipbetween carbon isotope evolution and variation of microbesduring the Permian—Triassic transition at Meishan Section,South China.Earth Sci(Geol Rundsch),99:775-784.
Magaritz M,Krishnamurty R V,Holser WT.1992.Parallel trendsin organic and inorganic carbon isotopes across the Permian—Triassic Boundary.American Journal of Science,292:727-739.
Payne J L,Kump L R.2007.Evidence for recurrent Early Triassicmassive volcanism from quantitative interpretation of carbonisotope fluctuations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(1-2):264-277.
Popp B N,Laws E A,Bidigare R R,Dore J E,Hansen K L,WakehamS G.1998.Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry oncarbon isotope fractionation.Geochi mica et Cosmochi micaActa,62:69-77.
Rau G H,Takahashi T,Des Marais DJ,Pepeta DJ,Martin J H.1992.The relationship betweenδ13C of organic matter and[CO2(aq)]in ocean surface water:data from a JGOFS site inthe northeast Atlantic Ocean and a model.Geochi m Cosmochi mActa,56:1413-1419.
Rau G H,Riebesell U,Wolf-Gladrow D.1997.CO2,aq-dependentphotosynthetic13C fractionation in the ocean:a model versusmeasurements.Global Biogeochem Cycles,11:267-278.
Riccardi A,Kump L R,Arthur M A,Hondt S D.2007.Carbonisotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during theend Permian event.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,248(1-2):73-81.
Schwab V,Spangenberg J E.2004.Organic geochemistry across thePermian—Triassic transition at the Idrijca valley,westernSlovenia.Appl.Geochem,19,55-72.
Shemesh A,Macko S A,Charles C D,Rau G H.1993.Isotopicevidence for reduced productivityin the glacial Southern Ocean.Science,262:407-410.
Takahashi S,Kaiho K,Oba M,kakegawa T.2010.A smoothnegative shift of organic carbon isotope ratio at an end-Permianmass extinction horizon in central pelagic Panthalassa.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,292:532-539.
Twitchett R J.2007.The Late Permian mass extinction event andrecovery:biological catastrophein a greenhouse world.I mperialCollege Press,London,69-90.
van Breugel Y,Schouten S,Paetzel M,Ossebaar J,Sinninghe D.2005.Reconstruction of d13C of chemocline CO2(aq)in pastoceans and lakes using theδ13C of fossil isorenieratene.EarthPlanet Science Letter,235(1-2):421-434.
Wang K,Geldsetzer H,Krouse H R.1994.Permian—Triassicextinction:Organic13C evidence from British Columbia,Canada.Geology,22(7):580-584.
Wignall P B.2001.Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions.Earth Science Reviews,53:1-33.
Wolbach,W S,Roegge,D R,Gil mour I.1994.The PermianTriassic of the Gartnerkofel-1core(Carnic Alps,Austria):organic carbonisotope variation.Lunar and Planetary InstituteContribution,825:133-134.
Xie Shucheng,Pancost R D,Yin Hongfu,Wang Hongmei,Evershed R P.2005.Two episodes of microbial change coupledwith Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction.Nature,434:494-497.
Xie Shucheng,Pancost R D,Huang Junhua,Wignall P B,YuJianxin,Tang Xinyan,Chen Lin,Huang Xianyu,Lai Xulong.2007.Changes in the Global Carbon Cycle Occurred as TwoEpisodes during the Permian Triassic Crisis.Geology,35(12):1083-1086.
Yin Hongfu,Huang Sui,Zhang Kexin,Hansen H J,YangFengqing,Ding Meihua,Bie Xianmei.1992.The effects ofvolcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in SouthChina.Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,146-157.
Yin Hongfu,Sweet W C,Glenister B F,Kotlyar G,Kozur H,Newell N D,Sheng Jinzhang,Yang Zunyi,Zakharov Y D.1996.Recommendation of the Meishan section as GlobalStratotype Section and Point for basal boundary of TriassicSystem.News letter Stratigraphy,34:81-108.
Yin Hongfu,Zhang Kexin,Tong Jinnan,Yang Zunyi,WuShunbao.2001.The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Permian—Triassic boundary.Episodes,24(2),102-114.
Yin Hongfu,Feng Qinglai,Lai Xulong,Baud A,Tong Jinnan.2007.The protracted Permo-Triassic crisis and multi-episodeextinction around the permian—Triassic boundary.Global andPlanetary Change,55:1-20.
龚一鸣,徐冉,汤中道,司远兰,李保华.2005.晚泥盆世F—F之交菌藻微生物繁荣与集群绝灭的关系:来自碳同位素和分子化石的启示.中国科学(D辑),35(2):140-148.
雷勇,冯庆来,桂碧雯.2010.安徽巢湖平顶山剖面上二叠统大隆组有机质富集的地球生物学模式.古地理学报,12(2):204-205.
南君亚,刘育燕.2004.浙江煤山二叠—三叠系界线剖面有机和无机碳同位素变化与古环境.地球化学,33(1):9-16.
殷鸿福,黄思骥,张克信.1989.华南二叠纪—三叠纪之交的火山活动及其对生物绝灭的影响.地质学报,63(2):169.
张克信.1991.二叠纪—三叠纪过渡时期灾变事件研究进展.地质科技情报,10(3):37-40.
Arthur M A,Dean W E,Claypool G E.1985.Anomalous13Cenrichment in modern marine organic carbon.Nature,315:216-218.
Beerling DJ,Harfoot M,Lomax B,Pyle J A.2007.The stability ofthe stratospheric ozonelayer duringthe end-Permian eruption ofthe Siberian Traps.Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety A,2007,365:1843-1866.
Cao Changqun,Love G D,Hays L E,Wang Wei,Shen Shuzhong,Summons R E.2009.Biogeochemical evidence for euxinicoceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end-Permianmass extinction event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,281:188-201.
Erwin D H.1993.The Great Paleozoic Crisis:Life and Death in thePermian.Columbia Univ.Press,New York,327.
Erwin D H.1994.The Permo-Triassic extinction.Nature,367:231-236.
Falkowski P G,Barber R T,Smetacek V.1998.BiogeochemicalControls and Feedbacks on Ocean Pri mary Production.Science,281:200-206.
Fraiser ML,Bottjer D J.2007.Elevated at mospheric CO2and thedelayed biotic recovery fromthe end Permian mass extinction.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,252:164-175.
Grice K,Cao Changqun,Love G D,Bottcher ME,Twitchett RJ,Grosjean E,Summons R E,Turgeon S C,Dunning W,Jin YG.2005.Photic zone euxinia during the Permian Triassicsuperanoxic event.Science,307:706-709.
Grice K,Nabbefeld B,Maslen E.2007.Source and significance ofselected polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbonsin sedi ments(Hovea-3well,Perth Basin,Western Australia)spanningthe Permian—Triassic boundary.Organic Geochemistry,38:1795-1803.
Hollander DJ,McKenzie J A.1991.CO2control on carbonisotopefractionation during aqueous photosynthesis:A palaeo-pco2barometer.Geology,19:929-932.
Jiang Haishui,Lai Xulong,Luo Genming,Aldridge R,ZhangKexin,Wignall P.2007.Restudy of conodont zonation andevolution across the P/T boundary at Meishan section,Changxing,Zhejiang,China.Global and Planetary Change,55(1-3):39-55.
Jin Y G,Wang Y,Wang W,Shang Q H,Cao C Q,Erwin D H.2000.Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian—Triassic boundary in South China.Science,289:432-436.
Jin Y G,Wang Y,Henderson C,Wardlaw B R,Shen S Z,Cao CQ.2006.The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)for the base of Changhsingian Stage(Upper Permian).Episodes,29:175-182.
Kaiho K,Chen Z Q,Sawada K.2009.Possible causes for a negativeshift in the stable carbon isotope ratio before,during and afterthe end-Permian mass extinction in Meishan,South China.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,56:799-808.
Kauf man AJ,Knoll A H.1995.Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotope composition of seawater:Stratigraphic andbiogeochemical i mplications.Precambrian Research,73:27-49.
Kidder D L,Worsley T R.2004.Causes and consequences ofextreme Permo-Triassic warmingto globally equable cli mate andrelation to the Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,203:207-237.
Korte C,Kozur H W,Joachi mski,M M,Strauss H,Veizer J,Schwark L.2004.Carbon,sulfur,oxygen and strontiumisotope records,organic geochemistry and biostratigraphyacross the Permian/Triassic boundary in Abadeh,Iran.International Journal of Earth Sciences,93:565-581.
Kozur H W.1998.Some aspects of the Permian—Triassic boundary(PTB)and of the possible causes for the biotic crisis aroundthisboundary.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,143:227-272.
Kump L R.1991.Interpreting Carbon Isotope Excursions:Strangelove Oceans.Geology,19:299-302.
Kump L R,Arthur M A.1999.Interpreting Carbon-IsotopeExcursions:Carbonates and Organic Matter.ChemicalGeology,161:181-198.
Kump L R,Pavlov A,Arthur M A.2005.Massive release ofhydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and at mosphere duringintervals of oceanic anoxia.Geology,33:397-400.
Luo Genming,Huang Junhua,Xie Shucheng,Wignall P B,TangXinyan,Huang Xianyu,Yin Hongfu.2010.Relationshipbetween carbon isotope evolution and variation of microbesduring the Permian—Triassic transition at Meishan Section,South China.Earth Sci(Geol Rundsch),99:775-784.
Magaritz M,Krishnamurty R V,Holser WT.1992.Parallel trendsin organic and inorganic carbon isotopes across the Permian—Triassic Boundary.American Journal of Science,292:727-739.
Payne J L,Kump L R.2007.Evidence for recurrent Early Triassicmassive volcanism from quantitative interpretation of carbonisotope fluctuations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,256(1-2):264-277.
Popp B N,Laws E A,Bidigare R R,Dore J E,Hansen K L,WakehamS G.1998.Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry oncarbon isotope fractionation.Geochi mica et Cosmochi micaActa,62:69-77.
Rau G H,Takahashi T,Des Marais DJ,Pepeta DJ,Martin J H.1992.The relationship betweenδ13C of organic matter and[CO2(aq)]in ocean surface water:data from a JGOFS site inthe northeast Atlantic Ocean and a model.Geochi m Cosmochi mActa,56:1413-1419.
Rau G H,Riebesell U,Wolf-Gladrow D.1997.CO2,aq-dependentphotosynthetic13C fractionation in the ocean:a model versusmeasurements.Global Biogeochem Cycles,11:267-278.
Riccardi A,Kump L R,Arthur M A,Hondt S D.2007.Carbonisotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during theend Permian event.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,248(1-2):73-81.
Schwab V,Spangenberg J E.2004.Organic geochemistry across thePermian—Triassic transition at the Idrijca valley,westernSlovenia.Appl.Geochem,19,55-72.
Shemesh A,Macko S A,Charles C D,Rau G H.1993.Isotopicevidence for reduced productivityin the glacial Southern Ocean.Science,262:407-410.
Takahashi S,Kaiho K,Oba M,kakegawa T.2010.A smoothnegative shift of organic carbon isotope ratio at an end-Permianmass extinction horizon in central pelagic Panthalassa.Palaeogeography,Palaeocli matology,Palaeoecology,292:532-539.
Twitchett R J.2007.The Late Permian mass extinction event andrecovery:biological catastrophein a greenhouse world.I mperialCollege Press,London,69-90.
van Breugel Y,Schouten S,Paetzel M,Ossebaar J,Sinninghe D.2005.Reconstruction of d13C of chemocline CO2(aq)in pastoceans and lakes using theδ13C of fossil isorenieratene.EarthPlanet Science Letter,235(1-2):421-434.
Wang K,Geldsetzer H,Krouse H R.1994.Permian—Triassicextinction:Organic13C evidence from British Columbia,Canada.Geology,22(7):580-584.
Wignall P B.2001.Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions.Earth Science Reviews,53:1-33.
Wolbach,W S,Roegge,D R,Gil mour I.1994.The PermianTriassic of the Gartnerkofel-1core(Carnic Alps,Austria):organic carbonisotope variation.Lunar and Planetary InstituteContribution,825:133-134.
Xie Shucheng,Pancost R D,Yin Hongfu,Wang Hongmei,Evershed R P.2005.Two episodes of microbial change coupledwith Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction.Nature,434:494-497.
Xie Shucheng,Pancost R D,Huang Junhua,Wignall P B,YuJianxin,Tang Xinyan,Chen Lin,Huang Xianyu,Lai Xulong.2007.Changes in the Global Carbon Cycle Occurred as TwoEpisodes during the Permian Triassic Crisis.Geology,35(12):1083-1086.
Yin Hongfu,Huang Sui,Zhang Kexin,Hansen H J,YangFengqing,Ding Meihua,Bie Xianmei.1992.The effects ofvolcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in SouthChina.Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,146-157.
Yin Hongfu,Sweet W C,Glenister B F,Kotlyar G,Kozur H,Newell N D,Sheng Jinzhang,Yang Zunyi,Zakharov Y D.1996.Recommendation of the Meishan section as GlobalStratotype Section and Point for basal boundary of TriassicSystem.News letter Stratigraphy,34:81-108.
Yin Hongfu,Zhang Kexin,Tong Jinnan,Yang Zunyi,WuShunbao.2001.The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Permian—Triassic boundary.Episodes,24(2),102-114.
Yin Hongfu,Feng Qinglai,Lai Xulong,Baud A,Tong Jinnan.2007.The protracted Permo-Triassic crisis and multi-episodeextinction around the permian—Triassic boundary.Global andPlanetary Change,55:1-20.
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