三峡库区松软堆积型消落带植被恢复引种可行性分析
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摘要
面对生态问题日益严重的三峡库区消落带,目前最为可行的治理措施是植被恢复结合工程的方法,而植被恢复的首要问题是目标植物的筛选.然而面对突如其来的反季节性涨落周期和极大水位落差(30m)的消落带,当地植物难以在短时间内适应这种变化了的生境,目前三峡库区消落带成了次生裸地.针对三峡库区松软堆积型消落带特点,查阅大量国内外关于耐淹植物的生活型谱及其适应机理等研究成果,初步筛选出4种目标植物Barringtonia acutangula,Nyssa aquaticaL.,Franxinus pennsylvanicaMarsh,Salix humboldtiana,并按照每种植物的形态、分布、原生境特点(包括光温水土)、生长发育等详细分析了这些植物对库区松软堆积型消落带的适应性以及引种的可行性,以期为库区植被恢复实践中目标植物的选择提供科学依据.
To face with the increasingly serious ecological problems in Hydro-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,at present,the most viable management approach to restoration is combining revegetation with engineering method,therefore,the priority of revegetation is the selection of plants.Indigenous plants,however,cannot adapt to both sides of this counter-seasonal fluctuation of water levels with a significant drop of 30m within a short time.This led to the hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir to become a secondry bare area.The authors selected four promising species,Barringtonia acutangula,Nyssa aquatica L.,Franxinus pennsylvanica Marsh,and Salix humboldtiana,based on the characteristics of softly accumulational hydro-fluctuation belt and a large number of domestic and foreign references about the water-tolerance plants and their life-form spectrum.Further,the authors also discussed their adaptabilities to this softly accumulative hydro-fluctuation belt and the possiblity of introduction,in accordance with each type of plant morphology,distribution,and the original habitat conditions(including light,temperature,water and soil),with a view to provide a scientific reference for the practice of vegetation restoration in this reservoir area.
To face with the increasingly serious ecological problems in Hydro-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,at present,the most viable management approach to restoration is combining revegetation with engineering method,therefore,the priority of revegetation is the selection of plants.Indigenous plants,however,cannot adapt to both sides of this counter-seasonal fluctuation of water levels with a significant drop of 30m within a short time.This led to the hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir to become a secondry bare area.The authors selected four promising species,Barringtonia acutangula,Nyssa aquatica L.,Franxinus pennsylvanica Marsh,and Salix humboldtiana,based on the characteristics of softly accumulational hydro-fluctuation belt and a large number of domestic and foreign references about the water-tolerance plants and their life-form spectrum.Further,the authors also discussed their adaptabilities to this softly accumulative hydro-fluctuation belt and the possiblity of introduction,in accordance with each type of plant morphology,distribution,and the original habitat conditions(including light,temperature,water and soil),with a view to provide a scientific reference for the practice of vegetation restoration in this reservoir area.
引文
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[2]白宝伟,王海洋,李先源,等.三峡库区淹没区与自然消落区现存植被的比较[J].西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,27(5):684-687.
[3]冯义龙,先旭东,王海洋.重庆市区消落带植物群落分布特点及淹水后演替特点预测[J].西南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2007,32(5):112-117.
[4]李月臣,刘春霞,赵纯勇,等.重庆市三峡库区水土流失特征及类型区划分[J].水土保持研究,2009,1(16):13-17.
[5]王晖,廖炜,陈峰云,等.长江三峡库区水土流失现状及治理对策探讨[J].人民长江,2007,38(8):34-36.
[6]吴江涛,许文年,陈芳清,等.库区消落带植被生境构筑技术初探[J].中国水土保持,2007,27(1):27-30.
[7]Warrier P K,Nambiar V P K,Ramankutty C,et al.Indian Medicinal Plants:A Compendium of 500 Species[M].Indi-a:Orient Blackswan,1996:250.
[8]Sant P S,Garg V K,Ram S,et al.Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in a Man-made forest on Sodic Wasteland ofNorth India[J].The Japanese Forestry Society and Springer-Verlag Tokyo,2004(9):15-20.
[9]Campbell Ian C,Poole C,Giesen W,et al.Species Diversity and Ecology of Tonle Sap Great Lake[J].Aquatic Sci-ences,2006,68:355-373.
[10]涂建军,陈治谏,陈国阶,等.三峡库区消落带土地整理利用—以重庆市开县为例[J].山地学报,2002,20(6):712-717.
[11]Community Resource Management Committee in Kompong Phluk/Community Forest Committee in Bos Thom CambodiaCases of Sustainable Forest Management[EB/OL].(2008-02-20)[2009-03-27].http://www.fao.org/forestry/39137/en/khm/.
[12]Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests(IM0164),World Wildlife Fund[EB/OL](2001)[2009-05-6].http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0164_full.html.
[13]Dave’s Garden.Barringtonia acutangula(Freshwater Mangrove,Indian Oak,Indian Putat).[EB/OL](2005-03-07)[2009-04-07].http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/177285.
[14]ImbruceV,Bringing Southeast Asia to the Southeast United States:New Forms of Alternative Agriculture in Home-stead.Florida[J].Agriculture and Human Values,2007(24):41-59.
[15]Tupelo Gum(Nyssa aquaticaL.)[EB/OL].(1990-09-12)[2009-05-6].http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/trees/N-aquatica.html.
[16]Johnson R L.Water Tupelo[EB/OL].(1999-07-12)[2009-04-07].http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/nyssa/aquatica.htm.
[17]Langdon,Gordon O,Kenneth B,et al.Stand Manipulation:Effects on Soil Moisture and Tree Growth in Southern Pineand Pine-Hardwood Stands.In Proceedings,Soil Moisture-Site Productivity Symposium[M].Atlanta:USDA ForestService,Southeastern Area,State and Private Forest,1977:221-236.
[18]Broadfoot W M.Hardwood Suitability for and Properties of Important Midsouth Soils[M].New Orleans,IA:USDAForest Service,Research Paper SO-127.Southern Forest Experiment Station,1976:84.
[19]Wayne K C.Shade and Flood Tolerance of Trees[EB/OL].(2008-03-23)[2009-05-22].http://essmextension.tamu.edu/treecarekit/index.php/before-the-storm/tree-identification-and-selection/shade-tderance-of-trees.
[20]陈益泰,王军,束云仙,等.美国紫树属树种引种研究[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(2):198-203.
[21]Klawitter R A.Water Tupelos Like it Wet[J].Southern Lumberman,1964,290(2609):108-109..
[22]Effler R S,Goyer R A.Baldcypress and Water Tupelo Sapling Response to Mutiple Stree Agents and Restoration Impli-cations for Louisiana Swanps[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006(226):330-340.
[23]Mckevlin M R,Hook D D,Mckee J.Growth and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Water Tupelo Seeldings in Flooded and WellDrained Soil[J].Tress Physiol,1995(15):753-758.
[24]李昌晓,钟章成,刘芸.模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化对落羽杉幼苗光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(8):1943-1958.
[25]Gary F,Kirsten H,Karen P,et al.The Natural Communities of Virginia:Classification of Ecological CommunityGroups[EB/OL].(2006-03-15)[2009-05-20].http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/nchome.shtml.
[26]Johnson R L,Beaufait W R.Water tupelo(Nyssa aquaticaL.).In Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States[M].Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1965:284-286.
[27]Stephen M,Seiberling A S.Weakley,et al.Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont[EB/OL].(2006-10-05)[2009-06-15].http://www.ibiblio.org/openkey/intkey/web/FRPE.htm.
[28]Hall T F,Smith G E.Effect of Flooding on Woody Plants[J].West Sandy Dewalering Project,Kentucky Reservoir,1955,53:281-285.
[29]Loucks W L,Keen R A.Submersion Tolerance of Selected Seeding Trees[J].Journal of Forestry,1973,71:496-497.
[30]Lawrence H.Celebrating a Living Green Legacy[EB/OL].(2005-08-21)[2009-05-21].http://www.rewedm-onton.ca/content_view_rew?CONTENT_ID=1214.
[31]Kennedy H E.Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh.Green Ash[J].Forest Service,1990:348-354.
[32]Stephens H A.Woody Plants of the North Central Plains[M].Lawrence,KS:The University Press of Kansas,1973:530.
[33]Hunter C G.Trees,Shrubs,and Vines of Arkansas[M].Little Rock,AR:The Ozark Society Foundation,1989:207.
[34]Allen H M,James A,Kennedy P,et al.Bottomland Hardwood Reforestation in the Lower Mississippi Valley[M].Slidell,LA:U S.Department of the Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,1989:28.
[35]Eyre F H.Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada[M].Washington,DC:Society of American Foresters,1980:65.
[36]Martin W H,Boyce S G,Echternacht H,et al.Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States:Lowland TerrestrialCommunities[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1993:311-372.
[37]Duncan G C,Wilbur H.Trees of the Southeastern United States[M].Athens:The University of Georgia Press,1988:322.
[38]Gosnell W H,Ron A.Halloween Tree Killer[J].American Forests,1993,99(1&2):34-36.
[39]Simpson B J.A Field Guide to Texas Trees[M].Austin,TX:Texas Monthly Press,1988:372.
[40]Strausbaugh P D,Core E L.Flora of West Virginia.2nd ed.Morgantown[M].West Virginia:Seneca Books,1977:1079.
[41]Wali M K,Killingbeck K T,Bares R H,et al.Vegetation-Environment Relationships of Woodland and Shrub Communi-ties,and Soil Algae in Western North Dakota[M].Grand Forks,ND:University of North Dakota,1980:159.
[42]Welsh,Stanley L,Duane A N,et al.A Utah flora.The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir[M].Utah:Brigham Young U-niversity,1987:894.
[43]Myers G,Charles C,Buchman F C,et al.Manager's Handbook for Elm-Ash-Cottonwood in the North Central States[M].St.Paul,MN:U S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,North Central Forest Experiment Station,1984:11.
[44]Donile F L,Maycock P F.Community Patterns and Environmental Gradients of Buttonbush,Cephalanthus Occidentalis,Ponds in Lowland Forests of Southern Ontario[J].Canadian Field-Naturalist,1989,103(4):479-485.
[45]Kramer P J.Causes of Injury to Plants Resulting from Flooding of the Soil[J].Plant Physiol,1951,26:722-736.
[46]Regehr D L,Bazzaz F A,Boogess W R.Photosynthesis,Transpiration and Leaf Conductance of Populus Deltoides inRelation to Flloding and Drought[J].Photosynthetica,1975,9:52-61.
[47]Sena G A R,Kozlowski T T.Grotwh Responses and Adaptation of Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Seedings to Flooding[J].Plant Physiol,1980,66:267-271.
[48]Tang Z C,Kozlowski T T.Ethylene Production,and Morphological Adaptation of Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Seedings toFlooding[J].Plant and Soil,1984,77:183-198.
[49]Good B J,William H,Partick J R.Gas Composition and Respiration of Water Oak(Quercus nigraL.)and Green Ash(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh.)Roots After Prolonged Flooding[J].Plant and soil,1987,97:419-427.
[50]Kozlowski T T.Water Supply and Tree Growth[J].Part.Flooding,1982,43:145-161.
[51]Kremer D,Cavlovic J,Bozic M.Growth Characteristics of Introduced Green Ash(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall)andNarrow-Leaved Ash(F.angustifoliaL.)in Lowland Forest Region in Croatia[J].New Forest,2006,31:211-224.
[52]Kremer D.Representation of White Ash(FraxinusamericanaL.)and Green Ash(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall)inKupa River Basin,Sava River Basin and Danube Basin[In Croatian with English Summary][D].Croatia:University ofZagreb,2001:227.
[53]International Poplar Commission.Poplars and Willows in Wood Production and Land Use[M].Italy:Food&Agricul-ture Org,1979:50.
[54]Anthony C G,Ken C H.Global Rangelands:Progress and Prospects[M].New York:CABI,2002:82.
[55]Mansfeld R,Büttner R.Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops Peter Hanelt[M].Germany:Springer,2001:1493.
[56]Standley P C,Steyermark J A.Flora of Guatemala[M].Amercia:Field Museum of Natural History,1975:145-176.
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