湖南沃溪W-Sb-Au矿床成因的流体包裹体证据
摘要
系统研究了沃溪W-Sb-Au矿床层状矿体的流体包裹体特征,均一温度集中在120~180℃,盐度变化于2.9%~8.9%NaCl之间,由包裹体均一温度与盐度计算得出的流体密度介于0.94~0.96g/cm3。流体包裹体稀土元素地球化学组成表明,成矿流体为一种进化的海水,即海水在海底下沉积柱循环过程中萃取矿质,形成120~180℃温度的低密度成矿流体。当其回返上升到海底后,形成悬浮热液柱,并与冷海水逐渐掺和,发生化学和机械-化学沉积,在海底形成层状矿体。流体包裹体均一温度和盐度的变化范围与很多沉积喷流(SEDEX)矿床极为相似,暗示与这些矿床具有相似的成因机制。同一矿层、条带状矿石中同一条带的石英中包裹体均一温度和盐度的规律性变化,支持沃溪W-Sb-Au矿床的同生热水沉积成因观点。
Fluid inclusions were studied on the stratiform orebodies of the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit. Homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions in the quartz from the banded ores vary between 120℃ and 180℃, salinities between 2.9% and 8.9% NaCl eq. and density of the fluid between 0.94 and 0.96 g/cm3. REE geochemical compositions of the fluid inclusions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were most probably derived from evolved seawater that acquired ore-forming materials by circulating in the clastic sediment pile below the seafloor. When the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, which had a lower density than the ambient seawater, erupted into the overlying cold water column chemical and/or chemical-mechanical precipitation occurred in the ascending buoyant plume, resulting in the formation of stratiform orebodies. The range of homogenization temperature and salinity of the Woxi deposit is similar to that of many other SEDEX-type polymetallic ore deposits, implying a similar genesis for these deposits. The regular variation of the homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz from a single ore beds or a single band of stratiform ores supports a syngenetic model for the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit.
Fluid inclusions were studied on the stratiform orebodies of the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit. Homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions in the quartz from the banded ores vary between 120℃ and 180℃, salinities between 2.9% and 8.9% NaCl eq. and density of the fluid between 0.94 and 0.96 g/cm3. REE geochemical compositions of the fluid inclusions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were most probably derived from evolved seawater that acquired ore-forming materials by circulating in the clastic sediment pile below the seafloor. When the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, which had a lower density than the ambient seawater, erupted into the overlying cold water column chemical and/or chemical-mechanical precipitation occurred in the ascending buoyant plume, resulting in the formation of stratiform orebodies. The range of homogenization temperature and salinity of the Woxi deposit is similar to that of many other SEDEX-type polymetallic ore deposits, implying a similar genesis for these deposits. The regular variation of the homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz from a single ore beds or a single band of stratiform ores supports a syngenetic model for the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit.
引文
顾雪祥,Oskar Schulz,Franz Vavtar,刘建明,郑明华.2003.湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床的矿石组构学特征及其成因意义.矿床地质,22(2):107~120.
顾雪祥,刘建明,Oskar Schulz,Franz Vavtar,郑明华.2004.湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床同生成因的微量元素和硫同位素证据.地质科学,39(3):424~439.
顾雪祥,刘建明,Oskar Schulz,Franz Vavtar,付绍洪.2005.湖南沃溪金-锑-钨矿床成因的稀土元素地球化证据.地球化学,34(5):428~442.
刘斌.1986.利用不混溶流体包裹体作为地质温度计和压力计.科学通报,18:1432~1436.
刘斌,段光贤.1987.NaCl-H2O溶液包裹体的密度式和等容式及其应用.矿物学报,7(4):345~351.
刘亚军.1992a.沃溪金矿床断裂构造控矿的研究.矿产与地质,6(1):29~34.
刘亚军.1992b.湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床褶皱构造及其控矿规律与动力成矿作用.矿床地质,11(11):134~141.
刘亚军.1993.湖南沃溪金矿断裂构造动力成矿研究.成都地质学院学报,20(1):50~55.
刘英俊,孙承辕,马东升.1993.江南金矿及其成矿地球化学背景.南京:南京大学出版社,1~260.
罗献林,易诗军,梁金城.1984.论湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床的成因.地质与勘探,20(7):1~10.
罗献林,钟东球,李高生.1996.湖南省沃溪式层控金矿地质.北京:地震出版社,1~313.
牛贺才,马东升.1992.湘西层控金矿床成因机制的研究.矿床地质,11(1):65~75.
彭渤.1992.湘西沃溪金矿田断层构造成矿机理初探.大地构造与成矿学,16(2):176~177.
苏文超,漆亮,胡瑞忠.1998.流体包裹体中稀土元素的ICP-MS分析研究.科学通报,43(10):1094~1098.
涂光炽.1987.中国层控矿床地球化学(第二卷).北京:科学出版社,1~299.
杨燮.1992.湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床成矿物质来源及成矿元素的共生机制.成都地质学院学报,19(2):20~28.
张理刚.1985.湘西雪峰山隆起区钨锑金矿床稳定同位素地质学.地质与勘探,21(11):24~28.
张振儒.1980.桃源沃溪金锑钨矿床成因及成矿机理研究.中南矿冶学院科技情报,1~10.
张振儒.1989.金矿研究.长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1~190.
Ansdell K M,Nesbitt B E,Longstaffe F J.1989.Afluid inclusionand stable isotope study of the Tom Ba Pb Zn deposit,Yukon,Canada.Econ.Geol,84(4):841~856.
Balaram V,Anjaiah K V,Reddy M R P.1995.Comparative studyon the trace and rare earth element anlysis of an Indianpolymetallic nodule reference sample by inductively coupledplasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry.Analyst,120:1401~1406.
Bau M,Dulski P.1999.Comparing yttrium and rare earths inhydrothermal fluids fromthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge:i mplicationsfor Yand REE behaviour during near-vent mixing and for theY/Ho ratio of Proterozoic seawater.Chem Geol,155:77~90.
Bodnar R J,Reynolds T J,Kuehn C A.1985.Fluid-inclusionsystematics in epithermal systems.Reviews in EconomicGeology,(2):73~98.
Bodnar R J.1993.Revised equation and table for determining thefreezing point depression of H2O-NaCl solutions.Geochi mica etCosmochi mica Acta,57,683~684.
Campbell A C,Pal mer M R,Klinkhammer,G P.1988.Chemistryof hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Nature,335:524~519.
Canet P,Alfonso J C,Melgarejo A E,Fallick.2003.Origin of themineralizing fluids fromthe Carboniferous sedex deposits of L'Alforja(SW Catalonian Coastal Ranges,Spain).Journal ofGeochemical Exploration,78(79):513~517.
Douville E,Bienvenu P,Charlou J L.1999.Yttriumand rare earthelements in fluids fromvarious deep-sea hydrothermal systemsGeochi m Cosmochi m Acta,63:627~643.
Elderfield H,Greaves M J.1982.The rare earth elements inseawater.Nature,296:214~219.
Fouquet Y,von Stackelberg U,Charlou J C.1993.Metallogenesisin back-arc environments:the Lau basin example.Econ Geol,88:2154~2181.
Gardner H D,Hutchinson I.1985.Geochemistry,mineralogy andgeology of the Janson Pb Zn deposits,Macmillan Pass,Yukon,Canada.Econ.Geol,80:1257~1276.
Goodfellow,WD Lydon,J W,Turner R J W.1993.Geology andgenesis of stratiformsedi ment-hosted(SEDEX)zinc-lead-silversulphide deposits,in Kirkham,R V,Sinclair W D,Thorpe RI,Duke J M,eds.:Mineral deposit modeling:GeologicalAssociation of Canada Special Paper,40,201~251.
Gu X X,Schulz O,Vavtar F,Liu J Mand Zheng M H.2002a.Jungproterozoische submarine Pri maranreicherung undmetamorphogene Weiterentwicklung der stratiformen W-Sb-Au-Erzlagerstatten vom"Typ Woxi"in Hunan(Sd-China).Vienna:Archiv fr Lagerstatten der GeologischeBundersanstalt23.1~204.
Gu X X,Schulz O,Vavtar F and Liu J M.2002b.Rare earthelement geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit,South China.Geochi m.Cosmochi m.Acta,66(Suppl.1):A295.
James R H,Elderfield H,Pal mer M R.1995.The chemistry ofhydrothermal fluids from the Broken Spur site,29N Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,59:651~659.
Klinkhammer G P,Elderfield H,Edmond J M.1994.Geochemicali mplications of rare earth element patterns in hydrothermalfluids from mid-ocean ridges.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,58:5105~5113.
McLennan S M.1989.Rare earth elements in sedi mentary rocks:Influence of provenance and sedi mentary processes.Lipin B R,McKay G A.Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earthelements-Reviews in Mineralogy(Volume21).Washington:The Mineralogical Society of America,169~200.
Michard A,Albar埁de F,Michard G.1983.Rare-earth elements anduraniumin high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Risehydrothermal vent field(13°N).Nature,303:795~797.
Michard A,Albar埁de F.1986.The REE content of somehydrothermal fluids.Chem Geol,55:51~60.
Michard A.1989.Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermalfluids.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,53:745~750.
Mitra A,Elderfield H,Greaves MJ.1994.Rare earth elements insubmarine hydrothermal fluids and plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Mar Chem,46:317~235.
Peter J M,Scott S D,Shanks III W C,Woodruff L G.1986.Geochemical,mineralogical,fluid inclusion and stable isotopestudies of hydrotermal vent precipitates,Guaymas Basin,Gulfof California.In:Turner,R J W,Einaudi M T(Eds.),Thegenesis of stratiform sedi ment-hosted lead and zinc deposits:conference proceedings,Stanford Univ.Publ.,Geol.Sci.,Stanford,CA,USA,20,151~155.
Peter J M,Scott S D.1988.Mineralogy,composition and fluidinclusion microthermometry of seafloor hydrotermal deposits inthe southerntrough of Guaymas Basin,Gulf of California.Can.Mineral,26:567~587.
Roedder E.1984.Fluid inclusions:Reviews in Mineralogy,12,644.
Samson I R,Russell MJ.1987.Genesis of the Silvermines zincleadbarite deposit,Ireland:fluid inclusion and stable isotopeevidence.Econ.Geol,82:371~394.
Sangster D F.2002.The role of dense brines in the formation ofvent-distal sedi mentary-exhalative(SEDEX)lead zinc deposits:field and laboratory evidence.Miner.Depos,37:149~157.
Taylor S R,McLennan S M.1985.The continental crust:Itscomposition and evolution.Oxford:Blackwell,1~312.
Yoshida S,Muramatsu Y,Taga Mi Uchida.1996.Determination ofmajor and trace elements in Japanese rock reference samples byICP-MS.International Journal of Environmental AnalyticalChemistry,63:195.
顾雪祥,刘建明,Oskar Schulz,Franz Vavtar,郑明华.2004.湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床同生成因的微量元素和硫同位素证据.地质科学,39(3):424~439.
顾雪祥,刘建明,Oskar Schulz,Franz Vavtar,付绍洪.2005.湖南沃溪金-锑-钨矿床成因的稀土元素地球化证据.地球化学,34(5):428~442.
刘斌.1986.利用不混溶流体包裹体作为地质温度计和压力计.科学通报,18:1432~1436.
刘斌,段光贤.1987.NaCl-H2O溶液包裹体的密度式和等容式及其应用.矿物学报,7(4):345~351.
刘亚军.1992a.沃溪金矿床断裂构造控矿的研究.矿产与地质,6(1):29~34.
刘亚军.1992b.湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床褶皱构造及其控矿规律与动力成矿作用.矿床地质,11(11):134~141.
刘亚军.1993.湖南沃溪金矿断裂构造动力成矿研究.成都地质学院学报,20(1):50~55.
刘英俊,孙承辕,马东升.1993.江南金矿及其成矿地球化学背景.南京:南京大学出版社,1~260.
罗献林,易诗军,梁金城.1984.论湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床的成因.地质与勘探,20(7):1~10.
罗献林,钟东球,李高生.1996.湖南省沃溪式层控金矿地质.北京:地震出版社,1~313.
牛贺才,马东升.1992.湘西层控金矿床成因机制的研究.矿床地质,11(1):65~75.
彭渤.1992.湘西沃溪金矿田断层构造成矿机理初探.大地构造与成矿学,16(2):176~177.
苏文超,漆亮,胡瑞忠.1998.流体包裹体中稀土元素的ICP-MS分析研究.科学通报,43(10):1094~1098.
涂光炽.1987.中国层控矿床地球化学(第二卷).北京:科学出版社,1~299.
杨燮.1992.湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床成矿物质来源及成矿元素的共生机制.成都地质学院学报,19(2):20~28.
张理刚.1985.湘西雪峰山隆起区钨锑金矿床稳定同位素地质学.地质与勘探,21(11):24~28.
张振儒.1980.桃源沃溪金锑钨矿床成因及成矿机理研究.中南矿冶学院科技情报,1~10.
张振儒.1989.金矿研究.长沙:中南工业大学出版社,1~190.
Ansdell K M,Nesbitt B E,Longstaffe F J.1989.Afluid inclusionand stable isotope study of the Tom Ba Pb Zn deposit,Yukon,Canada.Econ.Geol,84(4):841~856.
Balaram V,Anjaiah K V,Reddy M R P.1995.Comparative studyon the trace and rare earth element anlysis of an Indianpolymetallic nodule reference sample by inductively coupledplasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry.Analyst,120:1401~1406.
Bau M,Dulski P.1999.Comparing yttrium and rare earths inhydrothermal fluids fromthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge:i mplicationsfor Yand REE behaviour during near-vent mixing and for theY/Ho ratio of Proterozoic seawater.Chem Geol,155:77~90.
Bodnar R J,Reynolds T J,Kuehn C A.1985.Fluid-inclusionsystematics in epithermal systems.Reviews in EconomicGeology,(2):73~98.
Bodnar R J.1993.Revised equation and table for determining thefreezing point depression of H2O-NaCl solutions.Geochi mica etCosmochi mica Acta,57,683~684.
Campbell A C,Pal mer M R,Klinkhammer,G P.1988.Chemistryof hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Nature,335:524~519.
Canet P,Alfonso J C,Melgarejo A E,Fallick.2003.Origin of themineralizing fluids fromthe Carboniferous sedex deposits of L'Alforja(SW Catalonian Coastal Ranges,Spain).Journal ofGeochemical Exploration,78(79):513~517.
Douville E,Bienvenu P,Charlou J L.1999.Yttriumand rare earthelements in fluids fromvarious deep-sea hydrothermal systemsGeochi m Cosmochi m Acta,63:627~643.
Elderfield H,Greaves M J.1982.The rare earth elements inseawater.Nature,296:214~219.
Fouquet Y,von Stackelberg U,Charlou J C.1993.Metallogenesisin back-arc environments:the Lau basin example.Econ Geol,88:2154~2181.
Gardner H D,Hutchinson I.1985.Geochemistry,mineralogy andgeology of the Janson Pb Zn deposits,Macmillan Pass,Yukon,Canada.Econ.Geol,80:1257~1276.
Goodfellow,WD Lydon,J W,Turner R J W.1993.Geology andgenesis of stratiformsedi ment-hosted(SEDEX)zinc-lead-silversulphide deposits,in Kirkham,R V,Sinclair W D,Thorpe RI,Duke J M,eds.:Mineral deposit modeling:GeologicalAssociation of Canada Special Paper,40,201~251.
Gu X X,Schulz O,Vavtar F,Liu J Mand Zheng M H.2002a.Jungproterozoische submarine Pri maranreicherung undmetamorphogene Weiterentwicklung der stratiformen W-Sb-Au-Erzlagerstatten vom"Typ Woxi"in Hunan(Sd-China).Vienna:Archiv fr Lagerstatten der GeologischeBundersanstalt23.1~204.
Gu X X,Schulz O,Vavtar F and Liu J M.2002b.Rare earthelement geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Woxi W-Sb-Au deposit,South China.Geochi m.Cosmochi m.Acta,66(Suppl.1):A295.
James R H,Elderfield H,Pal mer M R.1995.The chemistry ofhydrothermal fluids from the Broken Spur site,29N Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,59:651~659.
Klinkhammer G P,Elderfield H,Edmond J M.1994.Geochemicali mplications of rare earth element patterns in hydrothermalfluids from mid-ocean ridges.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,58:5105~5113.
McLennan S M.1989.Rare earth elements in sedi mentary rocks:Influence of provenance and sedi mentary processes.Lipin B R,McKay G A.Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earthelements-Reviews in Mineralogy(Volume21).Washington:The Mineralogical Society of America,169~200.
Michard A,Albar埁de F,Michard G.1983.Rare-earth elements anduraniumin high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Risehydrothermal vent field(13°N).Nature,303:795~797.
Michard A,Albar埁de F.1986.The REE content of somehydrothermal fluids.Chem Geol,55:51~60.
Michard A.1989.Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermalfluids.Geochi m Cosmochi m Acta,53:745~750.
Mitra A,Elderfield H,Greaves MJ.1994.Rare earth elements insubmarine hydrothermal fluids and plumes from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Mar Chem,46:317~235.
Peter J M,Scott S D,Shanks III W C,Woodruff L G.1986.Geochemical,mineralogical,fluid inclusion and stable isotopestudies of hydrotermal vent precipitates,Guaymas Basin,Gulfof California.In:Turner,R J W,Einaudi M T(Eds.),Thegenesis of stratiform sedi ment-hosted lead and zinc deposits:conference proceedings,Stanford Univ.Publ.,Geol.Sci.,Stanford,CA,USA,20,151~155.
Peter J M,Scott S D.1988.Mineralogy,composition and fluidinclusion microthermometry of seafloor hydrotermal deposits inthe southerntrough of Guaymas Basin,Gulf of California.Can.Mineral,26:567~587.
Roedder E.1984.Fluid inclusions:Reviews in Mineralogy,12,644.
Samson I R,Russell MJ.1987.Genesis of the Silvermines zincleadbarite deposit,Ireland:fluid inclusion and stable isotopeevidence.Econ.Geol,82:371~394.
Sangster D F.2002.The role of dense brines in the formation ofvent-distal sedi mentary-exhalative(SEDEX)lead zinc deposits:field and laboratory evidence.Miner.Depos,37:149~157.
Taylor S R,McLennan S M.1985.The continental crust:Itscomposition and evolution.Oxford:Blackwell,1~312.
Yoshida S,Muramatsu Y,Taga Mi Uchida.1996.Determination ofmajor and trace elements in Japanese rock reference samples byICP-MS.International Journal of Environmental AnalyticalChemistry,63:195.
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