贵州毕节扒耳岩巨猿动物群的年代与环境——来自食肉类化石的分析和研究
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摘要
贵州毕节扒耳岩为一处新近确认的含巨猿化石的洞穴裂隙堆积,出土了若干伴生动物化石。其中食肉类标本数量不多,历次采集的仅有19件,但基本可以鉴定到种,且大多数具有断代指示意义。这批标本鉴定计有:桑氏硕鬣狗(Pachycrocuta licenti)、中国黑熊原始亚种(Ursus thibetanus primitinus)、大熊猫小种(Ailuropoda microta)、拟豺(Cuon dubius)和豹(Panthera sp.),共计4科5属5种动物。除豹属未定种外,其他4种均是我国南方早更新世动物群的特有种类,Ailuropoda microta和Cuon dubius则是广西柳城巨猿涮动物群的标志性物种。单就食肉类的组合而言,扒耳岩与广西柳城巨猿洞和田东么会洞两地的动物群相当,稍晚于巫山龙骨坡,早于建始龙骨洞动物群,为早更新世早期。扒耳岩动物群以森林型动物(如Ursus,Ailuropoda和Panthera)为主,缺少典型的草原型动物,呈现出单一的森林性组合面貌,据此分析推测巨猿应为典型的森林环境栖息者。
Pa'eryan,a cave or fissure deposit at Bijie,Guizhou Province(27°22'12"N,105°15'16"E,Fig.1),was identified as a Gigantopithecus site with of fossil mammals accumulation.Most carnivores,although small in number with only 19 pieces unearthed,are in good conditions;some of them can even be classified to species level.The carnivores unearthed from Pa'eryan include;hyaena(Pachycrocuta licenti),black bear(Ursus thibetanus primitinus),giant panda(Ailuropoda microta),jackal(Cuon dubius)and leopard(Panthera sp.),namely 4 families, 5 genera and 5 species. The present fossil record indicates that Pachycrocuta licenti,Ailuropoda microta,Cuon dubius and Ursus thibetanus primitinus were endemic elements of the Early Pleistocene fauna in South China.The time period of these animals was short and only in the Early Pleistocene.Those of Ailuropoda microta and Cuon dubius were even shorter and possibly limited to the early Early Pleistocene.It can definitely be confirmed that Pa'eryan fauna is in Early Pleistocene according to its carnivore guild. All species mentioned above,except Panthera sp.,are extinct species or subspecieces,which is a typical feature of mammalian assemblage of Early Pleistocene.The indexes for the extinct species and genera of Pa'eryan's carnivore guild are 80% and 20% respectively,which are similar to those of Juyuandong(Liucheng)and Mehuidong(Tiandong),but somewhat lower than those from Longgupo(Wushan)and higher than those from Longgudong(Jianshi)(Table 4).Moreove,the carnivore guild of Pa'eryan has 5 common or similar members with Juyuandong and Mehuidong,4 with Longgupo(Wushan),and only 3 with Longgudong(Jianshi).The carnivore guild of Pa'eryan differs from that of Longgupo in hyaena fossils.The hyaenas from Longgupo are more primitive in morphology than those from Pa'eryan,and even identified as a different species,namely Pachycrocuta perrieri.The major differences between Pa'eryan and Longgudong are from giant pandas and jackals.Ailuropoda microta and Cuon dubius disappeared completely from Longgudong fauna,which was instead charactarized by the emergence of more derived ones,i.e.Ailuropoda melanoleuca wulingshanensis and Cuon javanicus antiquus.Thus an easy conslusion can be drawn that the Pa'eryan fauna is somewhat later than that of Longgupo but earlier than that of Longgudong,and closest to those of Juyuandong and Mehuidong,and in the early Early Pleistocene accordingly. Moreover,the fact that the Pa'eryan Fauna is dominated by the forest dwellers such as the black bears,giant pandas and leopards,with absence of the grassland ones,indicates a kind of closed forest environment.Accordingly, it is speculated that Gigantopithecus was a typical forest dweller and not one of the open land.
Pa'eryan,a cave or fissure deposit at Bijie,Guizhou Province(27°22'12"N,105°15'16"E,Fig.1),was identified as a Gigantopithecus site with of fossil mammals accumulation.Most carnivores,although small in number with only 19 pieces unearthed,are in good conditions;some of them can even be classified to species level.The carnivores unearthed from Pa'eryan include;hyaena(Pachycrocuta licenti),black bear(Ursus thibetanus primitinus),giant panda(Ailuropoda microta),jackal(Cuon dubius)and leopard(Panthera sp.),namely 4 families, 5 genera and 5 species. The present fossil record indicates that Pachycrocuta licenti,Ailuropoda microta,Cuon dubius and Ursus thibetanus primitinus were endemic elements of the Early Pleistocene fauna in South China.The time period of these animals was short and only in the Early Pleistocene.Those of Ailuropoda microta and Cuon dubius were even shorter and possibly limited to the early Early Pleistocene.It can definitely be confirmed that Pa'eryan fauna is in Early Pleistocene according to its carnivore guild. All species mentioned above,except Panthera sp.,are extinct species or subspecieces,which is a typical feature of mammalian assemblage of Early Pleistocene.The indexes for the extinct species and genera of Pa'eryan's carnivore guild are 80% and 20% respectively,which are similar to those of Juyuandong(Liucheng)and Mehuidong(Tiandong),but somewhat lower than those from Longgupo(Wushan)and higher than those from Longgudong(Jianshi)(Table 4).Moreove,the carnivore guild of Pa'eryan has 5 common or similar members with Juyuandong and Mehuidong,4 with Longgupo(Wushan),and only 3 with Longgudong(Jianshi).The carnivore guild of Pa'eryan differs from that of Longgupo in hyaena fossils.The hyaenas from Longgupo are more primitive in morphology than those from Pa'eryan,and even identified as a different species,namely Pachycrocuta perrieri.The major differences between Pa'eryan and Longgudong are from giant pandas and jackals.Ailuropoda microta and Cuon dubius disappeared completely from Longgudong fauna,which was instead charactarized by the emergence of more derived ones,i.e.Ailuropoda melanoleuca wulingshanensis and Cuon javanicus antiquus.Thus an easy conslusion can be drawn that the Pa'eryan fauna is somewhat later than that of Longgupo but earlier than that of Longgudong,and closest to those of Juyuandong and Mehuidong,and in the early Early Pleistocene accordingly. Moreover,the fact that the Pa'eryan Fauna is dominated by the forest dwellers such as the black bears,giant pandas and leopards,with absence of the grassland ones,indicates a kind of closed forest environment.Accordingly, it is speculated that Gigantopithecus was a typical forest dweller and not one of the open land.
引文
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3 董为,赵凌霞,王新金等.贵州毕节扒耳岩巨猿地点的偶蹄类.人类学学报,2010,29(2) :214~226 Dong Wei,Zhao Lingxia,Wang Xinjin et al.Arliodactyla associated with Gigantopithecus from Baeryan,Bijie,Guizhou Province.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2010,29(2) :214~226
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5 Pei Wenchung.On the Carnivora from Locality 1 of Choukoutien.Palaeontologia Sinica,Series C,1934,8:1~216
6 刘金毅.第三章哺乳动物--第四节食肉目.见:吴汝康等主.南京直立人.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2002. 102~111 Liu Jinyi.Section 4:Carnivora of Chapter 3:Mammals.In:Wu Rukang,Li Xingxue,Wu Xinzhi el al.eds.Homo erectus from Nanjing.Nanjing:Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House,2002. 102~111
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9 王健.甘肃庆阳巴家咀早更新世哺乳动物群及其环境.西安:西北大学硕士学位论文,2006. 1-88 Wang Jian.Early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Bajiazui,Qingyang,Gansu,China and their environment.Xi'an:A Theses Submitted to North West University for the Master Degree of Science,2006. 1~88
10 许春华,张银运,陈才弟等安徽巢县发现的人类枕骨化石和哺乳动物化石.人类学学报,1984,3(2) :202-209 Xu Chunhua,Zhang Yinyun,Chen Caidi el al.Human occipital bone and mammalian fossils from Chaoxian,Anhui.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1984,3(2) :202~209
11 黄万波,方其仁等著.巫山猿人遗址.北京:海洋出版社,1991. 1-230 Huang Wanpo,Fang Qiren et al.Wushan Hominid Site.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1991. 1~230
12 张兆群,冯小波.第五章哺乳动物--食肉目见:郑绍华主编.建始人遗址.北京:科学出版社,2004. 185-220 Zhang Zhaoqun ,Feng Xiaobo.Camivora of Chapter 5 :Mammals.In :Zheng Shaohua ed.Jianshi Hominid Site.Beijing:Seience Press,2004. 185~220
13 韩德芬,许春华.第13章:中国南方第四纪哺乳动物群兼论原始人类的生活环境.见:吴汝康,吴新智,张森水主编.中国远古人类.北京:科学出版社,1989 338~391 Han Defen,Xu Chunhua.Chapter 13;Quaternary mammalian faunas and environment of fossil humans in South China.In;Wu Rukang,Wu Xinzhi,Zhang Stmshui eds.Early Humankind in China.Beijing;:Seienee Press,1989. 338~391
14 刘金毅,邱古祥.第四章哺乳动物化石--第六节食肉日.见:金昌柱,刘金毅主编.安徽繁昌人字洞--早期人类活动遗址.北京:科学出版社,2009 220-282 Liu Jinyi,Qiu Zhanxiang.Section 6:Carnivora of Chapter 4:Fossil mammals.In :Jin Changzhu,Liu Jinyi eds.Paleolithic Site--The Renzidong Cave,Fanchang,Anhui Province.Beijing;Science Press,2009. 220~282
15 Colbert E H,Hooijer D A.Pleistocene mammals from the limestone fissures of Szechwan ,China.Bulletin of American Museum,of Natural History,1953,102(1) :1~134
16 Erdhrink D P.A Review of Fossil and Recent Bears of the Old World.Utrecht;Mineralogisch-Geologisch Insliluul,Rijks-Universileit,1953. 1~591
17 Viret J.Le Loess a bancs durcis de Saint-Vallier (Drome) et sa faune de mammiferes Villafranchiens.Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon ,4 :1~200
18 王令红,林玉芬,长绍武等.湖南省西北新发现的哺乳动物化石及其意义.古脊椎动物与古人类,1982,20(4) :350~358 Wang Linghong,Lin Yufen,Chang Shaowu et al.Mammalian fossils found in northwesl part of Hunan Province and their signilicanee.Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1982 ,20(4) :350~358
19 韩德芬,许春华,易光远.广西柳州笔架山第四纪哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1975,13(4) :250~256 Han Defen,Xu Chunhua,Yi Guangyuan.Quaternary mammalian fossils from Bijiashan,Liuzhou,Guangxi.Vertebrata PalAsiatica,1975 ,13(4) :250~256
20 武仙竹.郧县人遗址大熊猫的重要发现与研究认识.见:董为主编.第十二届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集北京:海洋出版社,2010. 69~76 Wu Xianzhu.The giant panda from the Yunxian Man Site.In:Dong Wei ed.Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.Beijing;China Ocean Press,2010. 69~76
21 Mastmuto Hikoschichiro.On some fossil mammals from Szechuan,Chian.The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University,Series 2. Geology,1915 ,3(1) :1~28
22 Zdansky Otto.Quartare Carnivoren aus Nord-China.Palaeontologia Sinica,Series C,1925,2:l~38
23 Zdansky Otto.Weitere Bemerkungen uber fossilie Carnivoren aus China.Palaeontologia Sinica,Series C,1927,4(4) :1~28
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