云南昭通市坡地聚落空间特征及其成因机制研究
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摘要
坡地聚落是我国山区聚落的重要类型,多处于生态条件差、经济落后的山区。随着国家主体功能区规划进入实施阶段,充分认知坡地聚落面临的生态、贫困、聚落重组、人口迁居等问题具有重要的现实意义。论文以云南省昭通市为研究地区,运用GIS方法详尽探讨其坡地聚落的空间特征,并从区域发展视角分析坡地聚落空间特征的成因机制。研究表明:昭通市具有坡地聚落比例高、聚落密度突出、聚落分散布局、人类活动强度高、民族聚落垂直分异等显著特点。特殊的区位、人口基数和高人口增长率导致了高密度的聚落分布;生态脆弱、贫困和单一的农业生产方式加剧了人类活动强度;低城镇化工业化水平、有限的城市集聚力与欠发达的商品经济是聚落分散态势的重要成因。
Slope settlement is an important type of mountain settlement.From the perspective of regional development,the slope settlement is always related to mountain settlement with poor ecological and backward economic conditions,as well as the major region for shaking off poverty of the country.As the state functional planning is put into practice,it is very important to fully recognize these problems,such as ecology,poverty,re-settlement,population relocation and so on.The paper took Zhaotong as a study area to adequately explore the spatial characteristics of slope-type settlements and analyze the mechanism from the perspective of regional development.This not only increased the case of mountain settlement study,but also provided some references for construction of residential environment,rural population movement,migration and so forth.The paper revealed the spatial characteristics of slope settlement in Zhaotong by using 50 m grid terrain data in 2005,1 ∶ 100000 topographic map,remote sensing data of land use in 2000,and GIS spatial analysis.The result showed that slope-type settlements in Zhaotong had five distinctive features such as high proportion,high density,scattered layout,high intensity of human activities,and vertical differentiation of national settlements.Besides,from the perspective of regional development,the paper also analyzed the formation mechanism of slope settlement in Zhaotong,and found that the spatial distribution of slope settlements was the result of many factors.Firstly,the steep terrain was the natural background of the development of slope settlements.Secondly,it gathered a lot of people in the historical period,while the topography restricted the improvement of traffic condition,thus limiting the local population to foreign exchange and diffusion.Thirdly,traditional farming industry brought about long-term stable growth of population,which led to high density,decentralized development.Finally,the above-mentioned conditions hindered the process of industrialization and urbanization,which increased the difficulty of reasonable allocation of slope settlements,leading to the co-existence of decentralized and high density,high slope and high intensity of human activities.In conclusion,objectively,the spatial distribution of slope settlements was affected by natural and geographical conditions in Zhaotong,but the fact could not be ignored that irrational regional development and inappropriate regional development path were also the important causes,which not only resulted in worsening slope settlement habitats,but also turned them into the urgent problem of regional development in Zhaotong.
Slope settlement is an important type of mountain settlement.From the perspective of regional development,the slope settlement is always related to mountain settlement with poor ecological and backward economic conditions,as well as the major region for shaking off poverty of the country.As the state functional planning is put into practice,it is very important to fully recognize these problems,such as ecology,poverty,re-settlement,population relocation and so on.The paper took Zhaotong as a study area to adequately explore the spatial characteristics of slope-type settlements and analyze the mechanism from the perspective of regional development.This not only increased the case of mountain settlement study,but also provided some references for construction of residential environment,rural population movement,migration and so forth.The paper revealed the spatial characteristics of slope settlement in Zhaotong by using 50 m grid terrain data in 2005,1 ∶ 100000 topographic map,remote sensing data of land use in 2000,and GIS spatial analysis.The result showed that slope-type settlements in Zhaotong had five distinctive features such as high proportion,high density,scattered layout,high intensity of human activities,and vertical differentiation of national settlements.Besides,from the perspective of regional development,the paper also analyzed the formation mechanism of slope settlement in Zhaotong,and found that the spatial distribution of slope settlements was the result of many factors.Firstly,the steep terrain was the natural background of the development of slope settlements.Secondly,it gathered a lot of people in the historical period,while the topography restricted the improvement of traffic condition,thus limiting the local population to foreign exchange and diffusion.Thirdly,traditional farming industry brought about long-term stable growth of population,which led to high density,decentralized development.Finally,the above-mentioned conditions hindered the process of industrialization and urbanization,which increased the difficulty of reasonable allocation of slope settlements,leading to the co-existence of decentralized and high density,high slope and high intensity of human activities.In conclusion,objectively,the spatial distribution of slope settlements was affected by natural and geographical conditions in Zhaotong,but the fact could not be ignored that irrational regional development and inappropriate regional development path were also the important causes,which not only resulted in worsening slope settlement habitats,but also turned them into the urgent problem of regional development in Zhaotong.
引文
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[2]国务院发展研究中心课题组.主体功能区形成机制和分类管理政策研究[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2008.[The Academic Group of Development Research Center of State Council,P.R.China.A Study on the Mechanism andPolicies for the Formation of Development Priority Zones.Beijing:China Development Press,2008.]
[3]林超,楼桐茂,郭令智.大巴山地理考察简报[J].地理,1935,3(3/4):1-4.[LIN Chao,LOU Tong-mao,GUOLing-zhi.Geographical investigations briefing of Daba Mountain.Geography,1935,3(3/4):1-4.]
[4]朱炳海.西康山地村落之分布[J].地理学报,1939:40-43.[ZHU Bing-hai.The distribution of mountain village ofXikang.Acta Geographica Sinica,1939:40-43.]
[5]汤国安,赵牡丹.基于GIS的乡村聚落空间分布规律研究———以陕北榆林地区为例[J].经济地理,2000,20(5):1-4.[TANG Guo-an,ZHAO Mu-dan.AGIS based research on the distribution of rural settlements—Taking Yulin area asan example.Economic Geography,2000,20(5):1-4.]
[6]甘枝茂,岳大鹏,甘锐,等.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区乡村聚落分布及其用地特征[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(3):102-106.[GAN Zhi-mao,YUE Da-peng,GAN Rui,et al.Characteristic on rural settlements distri-bution and its land use in loess hill-gully area of northern Shaanxi Province.Journal ofShaanxi Normal University:NaturalScience Edition,2004,32(3):102-106.]
[7]牛叔文,刘正广,郭晓东,等.基于村落尺度的丘陵山区人口分布特征与规律———以甘肃天水为例[J].山地学报,2006,24(6):684-691.[NIUShu-wen,LIUZheng-guang,GUO Xiao-dong,et al.Population distribution charac-teristics and pattern on hill and mountainous region basing on village scale.Journal ofMountain Science,2006,24(6):684-691.]
[8]郭晓东,牛叔文,刘正广,等.陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及其空间扩展特征研究———以甘肃省秦安县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(12):17-23.[GUO Xiao-dong,NIUShu-wen,LIUZheng-guang,et al.Researchon rural settlement development and spatial expansion characters in loess hilly area—Taking Qin’an County of Gansu Prov-ince for example.Journal ofArid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(12):17-23.]
[9]陈国阶,方一平,陈勇,等.中国山区发展报告———中国山区聚落研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2007.[CHENGuo-jie,FANG Yi-ping,CHEN Yong,et al.Development and Report in Mountain Area of China.Beijing:The Commer-cial Press,2007.]
[10]昭通地区地方志编篡委员会.昭通地区志:上卷[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1997.[Chorography CompilationCommittee of Zhaotong.History of Zhaotong:First Volume.Kunming:People’s Press of Yunnan,1997.]
[11]云南省鲁甸县志编篡委员会.鲁甸县志[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1995.[Chorography Compilation Committeeof Ludian.History of Lusdian.Kunming:People’s Press of Yunnan,1995.]
[12]云南省巧家县志编篡委员会.巧家县志[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1997.[Chorography Compilation Committeeof Qiaojia.History of Qiaojia.Kunming:People’s Press of Yunnan,1997.]
[13]张晓平,樊杰.长江上游生态脆弱区生态屏障建设与产业发展战略研究:以昭通市为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(3):310-314.[ZHANG Xiao-ping,FAN Jie.Strategy for ecological economy development and ecologicalfoundation construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006,15(3):310-314.]
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