长江中下游不同湖泊沉积物中重金属污染物的累积及其潜在生态风险评价
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摘要
利用富集因子和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,结合年代学结果,对长江中下游湖泊太白湖、龙感湖、巢湖和西氿沉积物中重金属元素Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的富集程度进行了评价,并比较分析了上述重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,太白湖和龙感湖沉积物中各重金属富集程度均较低;巢湖沉积物中Co、Cr、Ni的富集程度接近中等水平,而Cu、Pb、Zn的富集已经达到中等水平;西氿沉积物中Co的富集非常低,Cr、Ni富集水平较低,Pb达到中等富集,Cu、Zn达到较高的富集水平.对4个湖泊沉积物中重金属的综合污染程度进行比较:巢湖>西氿>龙感湖>太白湖.各湖泊沉积物中单一元素的潜在生态风险都较低,但是,根据多元素潜在生态评价指数,各湖泊沉积物中重金属存在明显不同的潜在生态风险:巢湖>西氿>龙感湖>太白湖.总体上看,太白湖和巢湖沉积物重金属污染以及潜在生态风险自1965年以来一直在加重,而龙感湖和西氿沉积物在表层有下降的趋势.这种差异与各个湖泊流域内人类活动的方式和强度密切相关.巢湖和西氿流域内城市化、工业化发展迅速,人类活动导致大量重金属元素进入湖泊,给湖泊带来明显的污染;而龙感湖和太白湖流域人类活动主要以农业活动为主,人类活动对重金属的贡献相对较小.
The concentrations of Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in the sediments of Lake Taibai,Lake Longgan,Lake Chaohu and Lake Xijiu in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,were determined.Combined with geochronology,enrichment factors and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index were used to evaluate the accumulation degree and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediment.The results showed that the status of heavy metal enrichment in the sediment of Lake Taibai and Lake Longgan was in the lower level,while that of Co,Cr,Ni in the Lake Chaohu sediment was low,and Cu,Pb,Zn enrichment reached moderate level.In the sediment of Lake Xijiu,the status of heavy metal enrichment was different from heavy metals,which Co enrichment was very low,Cr and Ni enrichment was in the lower level,and Pb enrichment arrived at the moderate level,and Cu,Zn enrichment reached the higher level.The status of heavy metal contamination in the four lake sediments was ranked as Lake Chaohu>Lake Xijiu>Lake Longgan>Lake Taibai.The potential ecological risk index of single element was very low,however,based on the potential ecological risk index of multi-elements,there was obvious difference among these four lakes:Lake Chaohu>Lake Xijiu>Lake Longgan>Lake Taibai.Generally,the enrichment and potential ecological risk in the sediments of Lake Taibai and Lake Chaohu had been increasing since 1965,while those conditions in Lake Longgan and Lake Xijiu tended to decrease in the surface sediment,all of which strongly correlated with the way and intensity of human activities in the catchment areas.In the catchments of Lake Chaohu and Lake Xijiu,the development of industrialization and economy was rapid,and lots of heavy metals were discharged into lakes by human activities,which made these lakes polluted.However,the way of human activities in Lake Longgan and Lake Xijiu catchments was mainly about agriculture,which contributed to a small portion of heavy metals into the sediment.
The concentrations of Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in the sediments of Lake Taibai,Lake Longgan,Lake Chaohu and Lake Xijiu in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,were determined.Combined with geochronology,enrichment factors and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index were used to evaluate the accumulation degree and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediment.The results showed that the status of heavy metal enrichment in the sediment of Lake Taibai and Lake Longgan was in the lower level,while that of Co,Cr,Ni in the Lake Chaohu sediment was low,and Cu,Pb,Zn enrichment reached moderate level.In the sediment of Lake Xijiu,the status of heavy metal enrichment was different from heavy metals,which Co enrichment was very low,Cr and Ni enrichment was in the lower level,and Pb enrichment arrived at the moderate level,and Cu,Zn enrichment reached the higher level.The status of heavy metal contamination in the four lake sediments was ranked as Lake Chaohu>Lake Xijiu>Lake Longgan>Lake Taibai.The potential ecological risk index of single element was very low,however,based on the potential ecological risk index of multi-elements,there was obvious difference among these four lakes:Lake Chaohu>Lake Xijiu>Lake Longgan>Lake Taibai.Generally,the enrichment and potential ecological risk in the sediments of Lake Taibai and Lake Chaohu had been increasing since 1965,while those conditions in Lake Longgan and Lake Xijiu tended to decrease in the surface sediment,all of which strongly correlated with the way and intensity of human activities in the catchment areas.In the catchments of Lake Chaohu and Lake Xijiu,the development of industrialization and economy was rapid,and lots of heavy metals were discharged into lakes by human activities,which made these lakes polluted.However,the way of human activities in Lake Longgan and Lake Xijiu catchments was mainly about agriculture,which contributed to a small portion of heavy metals into the sediment.
引文
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[14]王立新,陈静生,洪松等.水体沉积物重金属质量基准研究新进展——生物效应数据库法.环境科学与技术,2001,24(2):4-8.
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[16]刘成,王兆印,何耘等.环渤海湾诸河口潜在生态风险评价.环境科学研究,2002,15(5):33-37.
[17]周秀艳,李宇斌,王恩德等.辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价.环境科学与技术,2004,27(5):60-62.
[18]杨丽原,沈吉,张祖陆等.南四湖表层底泥重金属污染及其风险性评价.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):252-256.
[19]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价.中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[20]向勇,缪启龙,丰江帆.太湖底泥中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价.南京气象学院学报,2006,29(5):700-705.
[21]陈满荣.长江口漫滩沉积物重金属污染研究.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009:168-169.
[22]王苏民,窦鸿身.中国湖泊志.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[23]Wu YH,Jiang XZ,Liu EFet al.The enrichment characteristics of mercury in the sediments of Dongjiu and Xijiu,Taihu Lake catchment,in the past century.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,38(4):471-476.
[24]吴艳宏,刘恩峰,邴海健等.人类活动影响下的长江中游龙感湖近代湖泊沉积年代序列.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(6):751-757.
[25]刘恩峰,薛滨,羊向东等.基于210Pb与137Cs分布的近代沉积物定年方法研究——以巢湖、太白湖为例.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(6):89-94.
[26]Loring DH.Lithium—a newapproach for the granulometric normalization of trace metal data.Mar Chem,1990,29:155-168.
[27]Herut B,Hornung H,Krom MDet al.Trace metals in shallow sediments from the Mediterranean coastal zone of Israel.Mar Pollut Bull,1993,26:676-682.
[28]Grousset FE,Quetel CR,Thomas Bet al.Anthropogenic vs.lithogenic origins of trace elements(As,Cd,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sn,Zn)in water column particles:northwestern Mediterranean sea.Mar Chem,1995,48:291-310.
[29]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算.环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[30]董海燕.巢湖水污染现状及防治对策.巢湖学院学报,2009,11(3):106-109.
[31]谢红彬,陈雯.太湖流域制造业结构变化对水环境演变的影响分析——以苏锡常地区为例.湖泊科学,2002,14(1):53-59.
[32]吴艳宏,王苏民.龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算.第四纪研究,2006,26(5):843-848.
[2]Jara-Martin ME,Soto-Jimenez MF,Paez-Osuna F.Bulk and bioavailable heavy metals(Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn)in surface sediments from Mazatlan Harbor(SE Gulf of California).Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2008,80:150-153.
[3]范成新,朱育新,吉志军等.太湖宜溧河水系沉积物的重金属污染特征.湖泊科学,2002,14(3):235-241.
[4]吴艳宏,王苏民,Battarbee RW.龙感湖小流域元素时空分布及湿地拦截功能探讨.湿地科学,2003,1(1):33-39.
[5]刘恩峰,沈吉,朱育新等.太湖表层沉积物重金属元素的来源分析.湖泊科学,2004,16(2):113-119.
[6]乔胜英,蒋敬业,向武等.武汉地区湖泊沉积物重金属的分布及潜在生态效应评价.长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(3):353-357.
[7]陈洁,李升峰.巢湖表层沉积物中重金属总量及形态分析.河南科学,2007,25(2):303-307.
[8]Wu YH,Hou XH,Cheng XYet al.Combining geochemical and statistical methods to distinguish anthropogenic source of metals in lacustrine sediment:a case study in Dongjiu Lake,Taihu Lake catchment,China.Environ Geol,2007,52:1467-1474.
[9]姚书春,薛滨,朱育新等.长江中下游湖泊沉积物铅污染记录——以洪湖、固城湖和太湖为例.第四纪研究,2008,28(4):659-666.
[10]Loska K,Cebula J,Pelczar Jet al.Use of enrichment and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd,Cu,and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1997,93:347-365.
[11]Soto-Jimenez M,Paez-Osuna F.Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn in Lagoonal sediments from Mazatlan Harbor(SE Gulf of Califor-nia):bioavailability and geochemical fractioning.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2001,66:350-356.
[12]Loska K,Wiechula D.Application of principle component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamina-tion in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir.Chemosphere,2003,51:723-733.
[13]Acevedo-Figueroa D,Jimenez BD,Rodriguez-Sierra CJ.Trace metals in sediments of two estuarine lagoons from Puerto Rico.Enviromental Pollution,2006,141:336-342.
[14]王立新,陈静生,洪松等.水体沉积物重金属质量基准研究新进展——生物效应数据库法.环境科学与技术,2001,24(2):4-8.
[15]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sedimentological approach.Water Res,1980,14:975-1001.
[16]刘成,王兆印,何耘等.环渤海湾诸河口潜在生态风险评价.环境科学研究,2002,15(5):33-37.
[17]周秀艳,李宇斌,王恩德等.辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价.环境科学与技术,2004,27(5):60-62.
[18]杨丽原,沈吉,张祖陆等.南四湖表层底泥重金属污染及其风险性评价.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):252-256.
[19]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价.中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[20]向勇,缪启龙,丰江帆.太湖底泥中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价.南京气象学院学报,2006,29(5):700-705.
[21]陈满荣.长江口漫滩沉积物重金属污染研究.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009:168-169.
[22]王苏民,窦鸿身.中国湖泊志.北京:科学出版社,1998.
[23]Wu YH,Jiang XZ,Liu EFet al.The enrichment characteristics of mercury in the sediments of Dongjiu and Xijiu,Taihu Lake catchment,in the past century.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,38(4):471-476.
[24]吴艳宏,刘恩峰,邴海健等.人类活动影响下的长江中游龙感湖近代湖泊沉积年代序列.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(6):751-757.
[25]刘恩峰,薛滨,羊向东等.基于210Pb与137Cs分布的近代沉积物定年方法研究——以巢湖、太白湖为例.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(6):89-94.
[26]Loring DH.Lithium—a newapproach for the granulometric normalization of trace metal data.Mar Chem,1990,29:155-168.
[27]Herut B,Hornung H,Krom MDet al.Trace metals in shallow sediments from the Mediterranean coastal zone of Israel.Mar Pollut Bull,1993,26:676-682.
[28]Grousset FE,Quetel CR,Thomas Bet al.Anthropogenic vs.lithogenic origins of trace elements(As,Cd,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sn,Zn)in water column particles:northwestern Mediterranean sea.Mar Chem,1995,48:291-310.
[29]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算.环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[30]董海燕.巢湖水污染现状及防治对策.巢湖学院学报,2009,11(3):106-109.
[31]谢红彬,陈雯.太湖流域制造业结构变化对水环境演变的影响分析——以苏锡常地区为例.湖泊科学,2002,14(1):53-59.
[32]吴艳宏,王苏民.龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算.第四纪研究,2006,26(5):843-848.
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