页岩气藏“甜点”构成要素及富气特征分析——以四川盆地长宁地区龙马溪组为例
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摘要
"甜点"的识别对确定页岩气有利区分布,进而实现大规模经济开发具有重要的意义。为此,基于国内外大量优质含气页岩的分析资料和研究数据,比较分析了页岩气藏的地质特征,阐述其"甜点"的地质要件:含气页岩有效厚度、有机碳含量(TOC)、有机质类型与成熟度(R_o)、岩石骨架及其物性(孔隙度及渗透率)特征、天然裂缝发育状况等。然后,结合页岩气经济开采的特点以及各要素间的相关性,以四川盆地长宁地区的相关资料为基础,综合考虑四川盆地威远区块的情况,总结了页岩气富集的地质规律,明确了该区海相页岩气藏有利"甜点"的构成要素及其分布值:①有效页岩连续厚度大于30 m、TOC>2.0%、R_o介于2.4%~3.5%,保证了气源岩的质量;②脆性矿物含量介于30%~69%、黏土矿物含量小于30%、夹层厚度介于0.1~1.0 m,保证了储层的质量;③孔隙度大于2.0%、渗透率大于50 nD、含气量大于1.45 m~3/t、地层压力介于常压—超压,决定了生产方式与产能。最后进一步分析了页岩气藏"甜点"的主次控件,并探讨了其相互制约关系。
Identification of sweet spot is of great significance in confirming shale gas prospects to realize large-scale economic shale gas development.In this paper,geological characteristics of shale gas reservoirs were compared and analyzed on the basis of abundant data of domestic and foreign shale gas reservoirs.Key elements of sweet spots were illustrated,including net thickness of gas shale,total organic carbon(TOC) content,types and maturity(R_o) of organic matters,rock matrix and its physical properties(porosity and permeability),and development characteristics of natural fractures.After the data in Changning and Weiyuan blocks,Sichuan Basin,were analyzed,the geologic laws of shale gas enrichment were summarized on the basis of the economic exploitation characteristics of shale gas and the correlation between the elements.The elements of favorable "sweet spots" of marine shale gas reservoirs in Changning block and their distribution characteristics were confirmed.Firstly,the quality of gas source rocks is ensured with the continuous thickness of effective gas shale larger than 30 m,TOC > 2.0%and.R_o=2.4-3.5%.Secondly,the quality of reservoir is ensured with the brittle minerals content being 30-69%,the clay mineral content lower than 30%and a single lamination thickness being 0.1-1.0 m.And thirdly,the porosity is higher than2.0%,the permeability is larger than 50 nD,gas content is higher than 1.45 m~3/t,and formation is under normal pressure-overpressure system,which ensures the production modes and capacities.Finally,the primary and secondary elements that control the "sweet spots" of shale gas reservoirs were further analyzed and their restrictive relationships with each other were also discussed.
Identification of sweet spot is of great significance in confirming shale gas prospects to realize large-scale economic shale gas development.In this paper,geological characteristics of shale gas reservoirs were compared and analyzed on the basis of abundant data of domestic and foreign shale gas reservoirs.Key elements of sweet spots were illustrated,including net thickness of gas shale,total organic carbon(TOC) content,types and maturity(R_o) of organic matters,rock matrix and its physical properties(porosity and permeability),and development characteristics of natural fractures.After the data in Changning and Weiyuan blocks,Sichuan Basin,were analyzed,the geologic laws of shale gas enrichment were summarized on the basis of the economic exploitation characteristics of shale gas and the correlation between the elements.The elements of favorable "sweet spots" of marine shale gas reservoirs in Changning block and their distribution characteristics were confirmed.Firstly,the quality of gas source rocks is ensured with the continuous thickness of effective gas shale larger than 30 m,TOC > 2.0%and.R_o=2.4-3.5%.Secondly,the quality of reservoir is ensured with the brittle minerals content being 30-69%,the clay mineral content lower than 30%and a single lamination thickness being 0.1-1.0 m.And thirdly,the porosity is higher than2.0%,the permeability is larger than 50 nD,gas content is higher than 1.45 m~3/t,and formation is under normal pressure-overpressure system,which ensures the production modes and capacities.Finally,the primary and secondary elements that control the "sweet spots" of shale gas reservoirs were further analyzed and their restrictive relationships with each other were also discussed.
引文
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[16]Chalmers GRL,Bustin RM.The organic matter distribution and methane capacity of the Lower Cretaceous strata of northeastern British Columbia,Canada[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2007,70:223-239.
[17]刘玉婷.中外页岩气评价标准之研究[D].武汉:长江大学,2012.Liu Yuting.The trade-off study on evaluation criterion of domestic and external shale gas[D].Wuhan:Yangtze University,2012.
[18]Clarkson CR,Bustin RM.Variation in micro-pore capacity and size distribution with composition in bituminous coal of the western Canadian sedimentary basin[J].Fuel,1996,75(13):1483-1498.
[19]王玉满,黄金亮,李新景,董大忠,王淑芳,管全中.四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩裂缝孔隙定量表征[J].天然气工业,2015,35(9):8-15.Wang Yuman,Huang Jinliang,Li Xinjing,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Guan Quanzhong.Quantitative characterization of fractures and pores in shale beds of the Lower Silurian,Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(9):8-15.
[20]肖刚,唐颖.页岩气及其勘探开发[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Xiao Gang,Tang Ying.Shale gas and its exploration and development[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.
[21]蒲泊伶,蒋有录,王毅,包书景,刘鑫金.四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件及有利地区分析[J].石油学报,2010,31(2):225-229.Pu Boling,JiangYoulu,Wang Yi,Bao Shujing,Liu Xinjin.Reservoir-forming conditions and favorable exploration zones of shale gas in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(2):225-229.
[22]郭秀英,陈义才,张鉴,满玲,郑海桥,童小俊,等.页岩气选区评价指标筛选及其权重确定方法——以四川盆地海相页岩为例[J].天然气工业,2015,35(10):57-64.Guo Xiuying,Chen Yicai,Zhang Jian,Man Ling,Zheng Haiqiao,Tong Xiaojun,et al.Assessment index selection and weight determination of shale gas plays:A case study of marine shale in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(10):57-64.
[23]丁文龙,李超,李春燕,许长春,久凯,曾维特.页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响[J].地学前缘,2012,19(2):212-220.Ding Wenlong,Li Chao,Li Chunyan,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,Zeng Weite.Dominant factor of fracture development in shale and its relationship to gas accumulation[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(2):212-220.
[24]段永刚,曹廷宽,杨小莹,张颖,吴贵平.页岩储层纳米孔隙流动模拟研究[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(3):63-68.Duan Yonggang,Cao Tingkuan,Yang Xiaoying,Zhang Ying,Wu Guiping.Simulation of gas flow in nano-scale pores of shale gas deposits[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2015,37(3):63-68.
[25]李新景,吕宗刚,董大忠,程克明.北美页岩气资源形成的地质条件[J].天然气工业,2009,29(5):27-32.Li Xinjng,L(u|¨)Zonggang,Dong Dazhong,Cheng Kerning.Geologic controls on accumulation of shale gas in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(5):27-32.
[26]于炳松.页岩气储层的特殊性及其评价思路和内容[J].地学前缘,2012,19(3):252-258.Yu Bingsong.Particularity of shale gas reservoir and its evaluation[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(3):252-258.
[27]周德华,焦方正.页岩气“甜点”评价与预测——以四川盆地建南地区侏罗系为例[J].石油实验地质,2012,34(2):109-114.Zhou Dehua,Jiao Fangzheng.Evaluation and prediction of shale gas sweet spots:A case study in Jurassic of Jiannan area,Sichuan Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2012,34(2):109-114.
[28]鄢雪梅,王欣,张合文,王永辉,段瑶瑶.页岩气藏压裂数值模拟敏感参数分析[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(6):127-132.Yan Xuemei,Wang Xin,Zhang Hewen,Wang Yonghui,Duan Yaoyao.Analysis of sensitive parameter in numerical simulation of shale gas reservoir with hydraulic fractures[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2015,37(6):127-132.
[29]陈尚斌,朱炎明,王红岩,刘洪林,魏伟,方俊华.四川盆地南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层矿物成分特征及意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(5):775-782.Chen Shangbin,Zhu Yanming,Wang Hongyan,Liu Honglin,Wei Wei,Fang Junhua.Characteristics and significance of mineral compositions of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoir in the southern margin of Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(5):775-782.
[30]Ross DJK,Bustin RM.Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian-Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin:Application of an integrated formation evaluation[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(1):87-125.
[2]王香增,高胜利,高潮.鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界陆相页岩气地质特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(3):294-304.Wang Xiangzeng,Gao Shengli,Gao Chao.Geological features of Mesozoic continental shale gas in south of Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):294-304.
[3]姜呈馥,程玉群,范柏江,高胜利.陆相页岩气的地质研究进展及亟待解决的问题——以延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段页岩为例[J].天然气工业,2014,34(2):27,33.Jiang Chengfu,Cheng Yuqun,Fan Bojiang,Gao Shengli.Progress in and challenges to geologic research of terrestrial shale in China:A case study from the 7~(th)member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Fm in the Yanchang exploration block,Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(2):27-33.
[4]潘仁芳,唐小玲,孟江辉,张喜满,龚宇.桂中坳陷上古生界页岩气保存条件[J].石油与天然气地质,2014,35(4):534-541.Pan Renfang,Tang Xiaoling,Meng Jianghui,Zhang Ximan,Gong Yu.Shale gas preservation conditions for the Upper Paleozoic in Guizhong Depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2014,35(4):534-541.
[5]Mavor M.Barnett shale gas-in-place volume including sorbed and free gas volume[C]//AAPG Southwest Section Meeting,1-4March 2003,Fort Worth,Texas,USA.
[6]张金川,薛会,张德明,蒲军.页岩气及其成藏机理[J].现代地质,2003,17(4):466.Zhang Jinchuan,Xue Hui,Zhang Deming,Pu Jun.Shale gas and its reservoiring mechanism[J].Geoscience,2003,17(4):466.
[7]张金川,金之钧,袁明生.页岩气成藏机理和分布[J].天然气工业,2004,24(7):15-18.Zhang Jinchuan,Jin Zhijun,Yuan Mingsheng.Reservoiring mechanism of shale gas and its distribution[J].Natural Gas Industry,2004,24(7):15-18.
[8]Hill RJ,Jarvie DM,Zumberge J,Henry M,Pollastro RM.Oil and gas geochemistry and petroleum systems of the Fort Worth Basin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):445-473.
[9]李新景,胡素云,程克明.北美裂缝性页岩气勘探开发的启示[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(4):392-400.Li Xinjing,Hu Suyun,Cheng Kerning.Suggestions from the development of fractured shale gas in North America[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2007,34(4):392-400.
[10]聂海宽,张金川,张培先,宋晓薇.福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩气藏特征及启示[J].地质科技情报,2009,28(2):87-93.Nie Haikuan,Zhang Jinchuan,Zhang Peixian,Song Xiaowei.Shale gas reservoir characteristics of Barnett shale gas reservoir in Fort Worth Basin[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2009,28(2):87-93.
[11]Bowker KA.Recent development of the Barnett shale play,Fort Worth Basin[J].West Texas Geological Society Bulletin,2003,42(6):4-11.
[12]Curtis JB.Fractured shale-gas systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[13]Ross DJK,Bustin RM.Shale gas potential of the Lower Jurassic Gordondale Member,northeastern British Columbia,Canada[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2007,55(1):51-75.
[14]童晓光,郭建宇,王兆明.非常规油气地质理论与技术进展[J].地学前缘,2014,2l(1):9-20.Tong Xiaoguang,Guo Jianyu,Wang Zhaoming.The progress of geological theory and technology for unconventional oil and gas[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2014,21(1):9-20.
[15]Boyer C,Kieschnick J,Lewis RE,Waters G.Producing gas from its source[J].Oilfield Review,2006,18:36-49.
[16]Chalmers GRL,Bustin RM.The organic matter distribution and methane capacity of the Lower Cretaceous strata of northeastern British Columbia,Canada[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2007,70:223-239.
[17]刘玉婷.中外页岩气评价标准之研究[D].武汉:长江大学,2012.Liu Yuting.The trade-off study on evaluation criterion of domestic and external shale gas[D].Wuhan:Yangtze University,2012.
[18]Clarkson CR,Bustin RM.Variation in micro-pore capacity and size distribution with composition in bituminous coal of the western Canadian sedimentary basin[J].Fuel,1996,75(13):1483-1498.
[19]王玉满,黄金亮,李新景,董大忠,王淑芳,管全中.四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩裂缝孔隙定量表征[J].天然气工业,2015,35(9):8-15.Wang Yuman,Huang Jinliang,Li Xinjing,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shufang,Guan Quanzhong.Quantitative characterization of fractures and pores in shale beds of the Lower Silurian,Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(9):8-15.
[20]肖刚,唐颖.页岩气及其勘探开发[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Xiao Gang,Tang Ying.Shale gas and its exploration and development[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.
[21]蒲泊伶,蒋有录,王毅,包书景,刘鑫金.四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件及有利地区分析[J].石油学报,2010,31(2):225-229.Pu Boling,JiangYoulu,Wang Yi,Bao Shujing,Liu Xinjin.Reservoir-forming conditions and favorable exploration zones of shale gas in Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(2):225-229.
[22]郭秀英,陈义才,张鉴,满玲,郑海桥,童小俊,等.页岩气选区评价指标筛选及其权重确定方法——以四川盆地海相页岩为例[J].天然气工业,2015,35(10):57-64.Guo Xiuying,Chen Yicai,Zhang Jian,Man Ling,Zheng Haiqiao,Tong Xiaojun,et al.Assessment index selection and weight determination of shale gas plays:A case study of marine shale in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(10):57-64.
[23]丁文龙,李超,李春燕,许长春,久凯,曾维特.页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响[J].地学前缘,2012,19(2):212-220.Ding Wenlong,Li Chao,Li Chunyan,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,Zeng Weite.Dominant factor of fracture development in shale and its relationship to gas accumulation[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(2):212-220.
[24]段永刚,曹廷宽,杨小莹,张颖,吴贵平.页岩储层纳米孔隙流动模拟研究[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(3):63-68.Duan Yonggang,Cao Tingkuan,Yang Xiaoying,Zhang Ying,Wu Guiping.Simulation of gas flow in nano-scale pores of shale gas deposits[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2015,37(3):63-68.
[25]李新景,吕宗刚,董大忠,程克明.北美页岩气资源形成的地质条件[J].天然气工业,2009,29(5):27-32.Li Xinjng,L(u|¨)Zonggang,Dong Dazhong,Cheng Kerning.Geologic controls on accumulation of shale gas in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(5):27-32.
[26]于炳松.页岩气储层的特殊性及其评价思路和内容[J].地学前缘,2012,19(3):252-258.Yu Bingsong.Particularity of shale gas reservoir and its evaluation[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(3):252-258.
[27]周德华,焦方正.页岩气“甜点”评价与预测——以四川盆地建南地区侏罗系为例[J].石油实验地质,2012,34(2):109-114.Zhou Dehua,Jiao Fangzheng.Evaluation and prediction of shale gas sweet spots:A case study in Jurassic of Jiannan area,Sichuan Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2012,34(2):109-114.
[28]鄢雪梅,王欣,张合文,王永辉,段瑶瑶.页岩气藏压裂数值模拟敏感参数分析[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(6):127-132.Yan Xuemei,Wang Xin,Zhang Hewen,Wang Yonghui,Duan Yaoyao.Analysis of sensitive parameter in numerical simulation of shale gas reservoir with hydraulic fractures[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2015,37(6):127-132.
[29]陈尚斌,朱炎明,王红岩,刘洪林,魏伟,方俊华.四川盆地南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层矿物成分特征及意义[J].石油学报,2011,32(5):775-782.Chen Shangbin,Zhu Yanming,Wang Hongyan,Liu Honglin,Wei Wei,Fang Junhua.Characteristics and significance of mineral compositions of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoir in the southern margin of Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(5):775-782.
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