氮肥用量对四川紫色丘陵区水稻氮素吸收及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响
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摘要
为全面掌握氮肥施用对紫色丘陵区稻麦轮作模式下水稻季氮素吸收积累及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响机理,本试验采用6水平氮肥(0~300 kg N/hm~2)随机区组试验设计,研究氮肥用量对稻麦轮作模式下水稻产量、氮素吸收积累及土壤氮素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:随着氮肥用量的增加水稻籽粒产量先增加后趋于平稳,可以用二次方程模拟y=-0.032 x~2+23.50 x+6495,R~2=0.998;氮肥用量与水稻氮素吸收量及土壤氮素表观平衡呈线性关系,线性方程分别为:y=0.27x+85.28,R~2=0.990,y=0.730x-85.32,R~2=0.998。施氮量低于112.5 kg/hm2时,水稻产量较低,氮素表观盈余量为-3.23 kg/hm~2,有耗竭土壤的风险;施氮量在112.5~187.5 kg/hm2时水稻产量稳定,氮素吸收量为135.77 kg/hm~2,氮素表观盈余量为51.56 kg/hm~2,水稻产量和氮素表观盈余维持在较为合理水平,土壤氮肥力和产量得以维持,农业生产可持续发展;施氮量在187.5~300 kg/hm~2的时候,水稻产量趋于稳定,而氮素表观盈余增加到133.68 kg/hm~2,氮素表观盈余增加了159.27%。过多的氮肥通过水体、大气或者其他渠道流失,引起环境污染。因此,从保证粮食安全和控制面源污染的角度出发,四川丘陵区稻麦轮作模式下水稻氮肥用量以187.5kg/hm~2最优。
In order to identify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on rice nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen balance in purple hilly region under rice-wheat rotation system,the randomized blocks by 6 levels of nitrogen fertilizer(0- 300 kg N/hm~2) in this experiment were designed,and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on the rice yield,rice nitrogen uptake and distribution and soil apparent balance were investigated.The result showed that;the rice yield reached a peak first and then stablized with the increase of the nitrogen fertilizer,and their relationship was simulated to a quadratic equation:y =-0.032x~2 + 23.50 x + 6495,R~2 =0.998;The rice nitrogen uptake and nitrogen apparent balance had a linear correlation with nitrogen fertilizer application,their linear equations were respectively:y = 0.27 x +85.28,R~2 =0.990,y = 0.730x-85.32,R~2 =0.998.When the nitrogen application rate was less than 112.5 kg/hm~2,rice yield was low,nitrogen apparent surplus quantity was-3.23 kg/hm~2,which had risks of exhausted soil;When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate was112.5-187.5 kg/hm~2,the nitrogen uptake was 135.77 kg/hm~2,the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was 51.56 kg/hm~2,the rice yield and nitrogen apparent surplus maintained were reasonable levels,soil nitrogen fertilizer and production was maintained,and the agricultural production was sustainable development;When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 187.5-300 kg/hm~2,the rice yield was tended to be stable,but the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was 133.68 kg/hm~2,and the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was increased by 159.27%.Too much nitrogen was lost by water,air or other channel erosion,which caused environmental pollution.So a nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 187.5kg/hm~2 was recommended under rice-wheat rotation system in purple hilly region for food security and non-point source pollution prevention.
In order to identify the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on rice nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen balance in purple hilly region under rice-wheat rotation system,the randomized blocks by 6 levels of nitrogen fertilizer(0- 300 kg N/hm~2) in this experiment were designed,and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on the rice yield,rice nitrogen uptake and distribution and soil apparent balance were investigated.The result showed that;the rice yield reached a peak first and then stablized with the increase of the nitrogen fertilizer,and their relationship was simulated to a quadratic equation:y =-0.032x~2 + 23.50 x + 6495,R~2 =0.998;The rice nitrogen uptake and nitrogen apparent balance had a linear correlation with nitrogen fertilizer application,their linear equations were respectively:y = 0.27 x +85.28,R~2 =0.990,y = 0.730x-85.32,R~2 =0.998.When the nitrogen application rate was less than 112.5 kg/hm~2,rice yield was low,nitrogen apparent surplus quantity was-3.23 kg/hm~2,which had risks of exhausted soil;When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate was112.5-187.5 kg/hm~2,the nitrogen uptake was 135.77 kg/hm~2,the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was 51.56 kg/hm~2,the rice yield and nitrogen apparent surplus maintained were reasonable levels,soil nitrogen fertilizer and production was maintained,and the agricultural production was sustainable development;When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 187.5-300 kg/hm~2,the rice yield was tended to be stable,but the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was 133.68 kg/hm~2,and the nitrogen apparent surplus amount was increased by 159.27%.Too much nitrogen was lost by water,air or other channel erosion,which caused environmental pollution.So a nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 187.5kg/hm~2 was recommended under rice-wheat rotation system in purple hilly region for food security and non-point source pollution prevention.
引文
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[15]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,翟晶,等.氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(1):23-29.
[16]晏娟,尹斌,张绍林,等.不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):835-839.
[17]宋桂云,徐正进,贺梅,等.氮肥对水稻氮素吸收及利用效率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(4):45-48.
[18]刘瑞,周建斌,崔亚胜,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米田土壤剖面硝态氮累积及其与土壤氮素平衡的关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42(2):193-198.
[19]杨利,张建峰,张富林.等.长江中下游地区氮肥减施对稻麦轮作体系作物氮吸收、利用与氮素平衡的影响[J].西南农业学报,2013,26(1):195-202.
[20]黄绍敏,宝德,皇甫,等.长期施用有机和无机肥对潮土氮素平衡与去向的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):479-484.
[21]段然,汤月丰,文炯,等.减量施肥对湖垸旱地作物产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):536-543.
[22]罗付香,林超文,庞良玉,等.氮肥形态和覆盖对坡耕地玉米产量和土壤氮素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):11-16.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[J].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:125-195.
[24]林治安,赵秉强,袁亮,等.长期定位施肥对土壤养分与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2809-2819.
[25]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军.北京郊区冬小麦P夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):264-270.
[26]郭天才,宋晓,冯伟,等.高产麦田氮素利用、氮平衡及适宜施氮量[J].作物学报,2008,34(5):886-892.
[27]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1361-1368.
[28]巨晓棠.氮肥有效率的概念及意义-兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):921-933.
[2]唐启源,邹应斌,米湘成,等.不同施氮条件下超级杂交稻的产量形成特点与氮肥利用[J].杂交水稻,2003,18(1):44-48.
[3]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[4]张福锁,江荣风,陈清,等.我国肥料产业与科学施肥战略研究报告[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.
[5]Tilman D,Fargione J,Wolff B.Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change[J].Science,2001,292:281-284.
[6]罗丽娟.氮肥污染再次敲响警钟[N].中国联合商报(第E04版),2010-3-8.
[7]王红,张瑞芳,周大迈.氮肥引起的面源污染问题研究进展[J].北方园艺,2011(5):201-203.
[8]蔡燕华.氮肥施用中的污染问题及防治对策[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(18):48-50.
[9]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.过量施用氮肥和不合理的氮肥施用方法是氮肥引起环境污染的根源[C].青年学者论土壤与植物营养科学,2001:351-354.
[10]王西娜,王朝辉,李生秀.黄土高原早地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(6):759-764.
[11]张福锁,巨晓棠.对我国持续农业发展中氮肥管理与环境问题的几点认识[J].土壤学报,2002,39(增刊):41-55.
[12]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing envitonmental risk by improving N managenment in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].PANS,2009,106(9):3014-3046.
[13]Jing Q,Bouman B A M,Hengsdijk H,et al.Exploring options to combine high yields with high nitrogen use efficiencies in irrigated rice in China[J].Eur J Agron,2007,26:166-177.
[14]谢芳,韩晓日,杨劲峰,等.不同施氮处理对水稻氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(4):24-26,45.
[15]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,翟晶,等.氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(1):23-29.
[16]晏娟,尹斌,张绍林,等.不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):835-839.
[17]宋桂云,徐正进,贺梅,等.氮肥对水稻氮素吸收及利用效率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(4):45-48.
[18]刘瑞,周建斌,崔亚胜,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米田土壤剖面硝态氮累积及其与土壤氮素平衡的关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42(2):193-198.
[19]杨利,张建峰,张富林.等.长江中下游地区氮肥减施对稻麦轮作体系作物氮吸收、利用与氮素平衡的影响[J].西南农业学报,2013,26(1):195-202.
[20]黄绍敏,宝德,皇甫,等.长期施用有机和无机肥对潮土氮素平衡与去向的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):479-484.
[21]段然,汤月丰,文炯,等.减量施肥对湖垸旱地作物产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):536-543.
[22]罗付香,林超文,庞良玉,等.氮肥形态和覆盖对坡耕地玉米产量和土壤氮素流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):11-16.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[J].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:125-195.
[24]林治安,赵秉强,袁亮,等.长期定位施肥对土壤养分与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2809-2819.
[25]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军.北京郊区冬小麦P夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):264-270.
[26]郭天才,宋晓,冯伟,等.高产麦田氮素利用、氮平衡及适宜施氮量[J].作物学报,2008,34(5):886-892.
[27]巨晓棠,刘学军,张福锁.冬小麦与夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥效应及氮素平衡研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1361-1368.
[28]巨晓棠.氮肥有效率的概念及意义-兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):921-933.
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