长江口地区地面沉降的深部动力学机制分析
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摘要
地表变形、活动断裂和地球物理的综合分析表明,菲律宾洋壳向欧亚大陆的俯冲导致的地幔对流是控制中国东部沿海地区晚新生代以来构造作用的主导因素,是长江口地区地面沉降的主要深部动力学机制。由于地幔对流和青藏高原挤压共同作用导致的地壳热流值的差异则是长江口地区西部隆升、东部沉降且向东沉降速率增大的直接驱动力。预测未来长江口地区的基岩沉降范围将以>10cm/a的速率向西扩大,沉降速率将呈明显加速趋势,40000a之内上海市可能被海水淹没,但板块构造演化的"渐变"特征决定其对当地未来的人类活动不会造成显著影响。根据"地壳均衡理论",建议在长江口南西部(浙江省北东部)的丘陵山区加大重力载荷如加快城市化进程或人工造山以减小和控制上海地区的沉降。
The observed GPS velocity vectors relative to the Eurasian Plate in the East Asia display that the coastal area of East China constitutes a transitional region in crustal horizontal deformation, expanding to its east and west. Combined with the reverse GPS velocity vectors in the Philippines Ocean characterized by increased values northwardly, it is suggested that the East China continental crust is easterly rotated negatively relative to Eurasia, under the co-influence of westerly Philippines Ocean crust subduction and easterly Tibetan Plateau extrusion. The generated mantle convection stretched the continental crust and controlled the neotectonic evolution in the coastal area of East China. It also constitutes the major deep dynamic mechanism of land subsidence in the Yangtze River Estuary. This model is well supported by the attribution and spatial and temporal distribution of the active faults, as well as the geophysical features in the Yangtze River Estuary. It is consistent with the regional tectonic setting characterized by asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere extension, and the major tectonic mechanism of the modern tectonic subsidence in East China Sea basin. The analysis on geophysics further suggests that the differentiation of heat flow in the crust, caused by the co- influence of mantle convection and extrusion from the Tibetan Plateau, drove uplift in the west of the Yangtze River Estuary and subsidence in its east, with an increasing velocity easterly. The driving force is similar to that of the Tuscan Basin in Italy, and in line with the Theory of Isostasy. Therefore, for the purpose of reduce and control the land subsidence in Shanghai area, it is proposed here to increase the loading in the upland of northeastern Zhejiang Province, southwest of Yangtze River Estuary, e.g., accelerate the urbanization process or build up mountains artificially. The westerly subduction of the Philippines Ocean crust, together with the easterly extrusion from the Tibetan Plateau, would cause the mantle upwelling area beneath the Yangtze River Estuary move westerly with a velocity of > 10cm/a, according to the supraposition of the GPS velocity vectors in the Philippines Ocean and the Yangtze River Estuary. It implies that, based on the newly suggested mechanism, the subsided area in the Yangtze River Estuary would be expanded westerly with a velocity of > 10cm/a, the uplifting area to the west would be evolved to be subsided area, the continental crust under Yangtze River Estuary would be tensed and thinned gradually and become a mature back-arc basin like Okinawa Trough. Owing to the crust-thinning under a tensional background, its capability resistant to the mantle convection could decrease remarkably, and the subsidence velocity of local bedrock would be accelerated obviously in the future. According to the thickness and age of local Late Cenozoic strata, combined with the local average elevation, it is calculated that the Shanghai area would be subsided under sea level in 40000a, if no process is taken.
The observed GPS velocity vectors relative to the Eurasian Plate in the East Asia display that the coastal area of East China constitutes a transitional region in crustal horizontal deformation, expanding to its east and west. Combined with the reverse GPS velocity vectors in the Philippines Ocean characterized by increased values northwardly, it is suggested that the East China continental crust is easterly rotated negatively relative to Eurasia, under the co-influence of westerly Philippines Ocean crust subduction and easterly Tibetan Plateau extrusion. The generated mantle convection stretched the continental crust and controlled the neotectonic evolution in the coastal area of East China. It also constitutes the major deep dynamic mechanism of land subsidence in the Yangtze River Estuary. This model is well supported by the attribution and spatial and temporal distribution of the active faults, as well as the geophysical features in the Yangtze River Estuary. It is consistent with the regional tectonic setting characterized by asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere extension, and the major tectonic mechanism of the modern tectonic subsidence in East China Sea basin. The analysis on geophysics further suggests that the differentiation of heat flow in the crust, caused by the co- influence of mantle convection and extrusion from the Tibetan Plateau, drove uplift in the west of the Yangtze River Estuary and subsidence in its east, with an increasing velocity easterly. The driving force is similar to that of the Tuscan Basin in Italy, and in line with the Theory of Isostasy. Therefore, for the purpose of reduce and control the land subsidence in Shanghai area, it is proposed here to increase the loading in the upland of northeastern Zhejiang Province, southwest of Yangtze River Estuary, e.g., accelerate the urbanization process or build up mountains artificially. The westerly subduction of the Philippines Ocean crust, together with the easterly extrusion from the Tibetan Plateau, would cause the mantle upwelling area beneath the Yangtze River Estuary move westerly with a velocity of > 10cm/a, according to the supraposition of the GPS velocity vectors in the Philippines Ocean and the Yangtze River Estuary. It implies that, based on the newly suggested mechanism, the subsided area in the Yangtze River Estuary would be expanded westerly with a velocity of > 10cm/a, the uplifting area to the west would be evolved to be subsided area, the continental crust under Yangtze River Estuary would be tensed and thinned gradually and become a mature back-arc basin like Okinawa Trough. Owing to the crust-thinning under a tensional background, its capability resistant to the mantle convection could decrease remarkably, and the subsidence velocity of local bedrock would be accelerated obviously in the future. According to the thickness and age of local Late Cenozoic strata, combined with the local average elevation, it is calculated that the Shanghai area would be subsided under sea level in 40000a, if no process is taken.
引文
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2 Zhang Argen, Gong Shiliang, Laura C et al. Land Subsidence,Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Land Subsidence. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technological Publishers, 2005. 1~12
3 李勤奋,王寒梅.上海地面沉降研究.高校地质学报,2006,12(2) :169~178Li Qinfen,Wang Hanmei. A study on land subsidence in Shanghai. Geological Journal of China Universities ,2006 ,12(2) : 169~178
4 薛禹群,张云,叶淑君等.中国地面沉降及其需要解决的几个问题.第四纪研究,2003,23(6) :585~593Xue Yuqun,Zhang Yun,Ye Shujun et al. Land Subsidence in China and its problems. Quaternary Sciences,2003 ,23(6) : 585~593
5 《上海市地质环境图集》编纂委员会编.上海市地质环境图集.北京:地质出版社,2002. 1~143Editorial Committee of “Shanghai Geological Environment Atlas” ed. Shanghai Geological Environmental Atlas. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2002. 1~143
6 段光贤,高灯亮,毕兴锁等.上海及其邻区的楔形断裂系统.上海地质,1989,(1) :13~22Duan Guangxian, Gao Dengliang, Bi Xingsuo et al. The wedgeshaped fracture system in Shanghai and the area adjacent to it.Shanghai Geology, 1989 , (1) : 13-22
7 孙宪森,常晓涛,成英燕.利用精密水准及GPS数据分析中国东部地壳运动.四川测绘,2002,25(4) :158~162,166Sun Xiansen, Chang Xiaotao, Cheng Yingyan. Analysis on Eastern China crustal movement by precise leveling and GPS data. Sichuan Mapping,2002,25(4) : 158~162,166
8 邱金波,李晓.上海市第四纪地层与沉积环境.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2006. 1~230Qiu Jinbo, Li Xiao. Quaternary Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Environment of Shanghai Area. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technological Publishers,2006. 1~230
9 Burchfiel B, Chen Z,Liu Y et al. Tectonic of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions , Central China. International Geology Review , 1995 , 37: 661~735
10 Zhang K J. Escape hypothesis for the North and South China collision and the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, Eastern Asia. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae ,2002 ,95 : 237~247
11 任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西Ms8 1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1) :34~44Ren Jinwei, Wang Min. GPS measured crustal deformation of the M_S8. 1 Kunlun earthquake on November 14~(th) 2001 in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Sciences ,2005 ,25 (1 ) : 34~44
12 Teng Chitung, Chang Yuming, Hsu Kweilin et al. On the tectonic stress field in China and its relation to plate movement. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1979 ,18(4) : 257~273
13 Juan V C. Thermal-tectonic evolution of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea--Implication for transformation of continental to oceanic crust and marginal basin formation. Tectonophysics, 1986, 125: 231~244
14 Morley C K. A tectonic model for the Tertiary evolution of strike-slip faults and rift basins in SE Asia. Tectonophysics, 2002, 347 ( 4 ):189-215
15 Wu Fuyuan, Lin Jingqian, Wilde S A et al. Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in Eastern China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters ,2005 ,233 ( 1) : 103~119
16 中国地质调查局.中华人民共和国地质图(1:2,500,000) .北京:中国地图出版社,2002Chinese Bureau of Geological Survey. Geological Map of P. R. China(1: 2,500,000) . Beijing; Sinomaps Press,2002
17 上海市地质矿产局.上海市区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1988. 1~317Shanghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Regional Geology of Shanghai Municipality. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1988. 1~317
18 Wang Qi, Zhang Peizheng, Freymueller J T et al. Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positional System measurements. Science,2001 ,294: 574~577
19 Wang Jian, Ye Zhengren, He Jiankun. Three-dimensional mechanical modeling of large-scale crustal deformation in China constrained by the GPS velocity field. Tectonophysics, 2008 , 446: 51~60
20 Shen Zhengkang, L Jiangning, Wang Min et al. Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast border land of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research , 2005 ,110: B1 1409. doi:10. 1029/2004JB003421
21 Mattauer M. New GPS data in China; A key for a better understanding of the Cainozoic tectonics of Asia. Comptes Rendues Geoscience, 2002 ,334 : 809~810
22 Kato T. Tectonics of the Eastern Asia and the Western Pacific as seen by GPS observations. Geosciences Journal ,2003 ,7 (1) : 1~8
23 景军郎,陈炎钊.浅谈精密水准测量仪器与施测.浙江测绘,2003,(3) :34~35Jing Junlang,Chen Yanzhao. Precision measurement instruments and its using. Zhejiang Mapping, 2003 , (3 ) : 34-35
24 Calais E, Vergnolle M,San'kov V et al. GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area ( 1994 ~ 2002 ) : Implications for current kinematics of Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2003 ,108( B10) : 2501,doi:10. 1029/2002JB002373
25 牛之俊,王敏,孙汉荣等.中国大陆现今地壳运动速度场的最新观测结果.科学通报,2005,50(8) :839~840Niu Zhijun, Wang Min,Sun Hanrong et al. Contemporary velocity field of crustal movement of Chinese mainland from Global Positioning System measurements. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005 , 50 (9) : 939-941
26 熊福文,朱文耀.长江三角洲地区地形变特征的GPS监测和分析.地球物理学报,2007,50(6) :1719~1730Xiong Fuwen,Zhu Wenyao. Land deformation monitoring by GPS in the Yangtze Delta and the measurements analysis. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2007,50(6) : 1719 ~ 1730
27 浙江省地质矿产局编著.浙江省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1989. 1~609Zhejiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources ed. Regional Geology of Zhejiang Province, China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1989. 1~609
28 姚保华,章振铨,王家林等.上海地区地壳精细结构的综合地球物理探测研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(2) :482~491Yao Baohua, Zhang Zhenquan, Wang Jialin et al. Prospecting and research on fine crustal structure by using multi-geophysics survey methods in Shanghai region. Chinese Journal of Geophysics ,2007 ,50 (2) : 482~491
29 谢桂青,毛景文,胡瑞忠等.中国东南部中-新生代地球动力学背景若干问题的探讨.地质论评,2005,51(6) :613~620Xie Guiqing,Mao Jingwen,Hu Ruizhong et al. Discussion on some problems of Mesozoic and Cenozoic geodynamics of Southeast China. Geological Review,2005 ,51 (6) : 613~620
30 Yang Shuchun, Hu Shengbiao, Cai Dongsheng et al. Present-day heat flow, thermal history and tectonic subsidence of the East China Sea Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology ,2004 ,21 (9 ) : 1095~1105
31 Zito G. Heat flow anomaly and lithospheric thinning of the Tuscan extensional back-arc basin (Italy). Journal of Geodynamics, 2005 ,40(1) : 1~22
32 李怀明,翟世奎.冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考.地质论评,2008,54(1) :120~124Li Huaiming, Zhai Shikui. Advances and developments in study of the magmatism in the Okinawa Trough. Geological Review ,2008 ,54 (1) : 120~124
33 Shi Zhong, Zhou Huajun, Eittreim S L et al. Settling velocities of fine suspended particales in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2003 ,22 ,245~251
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