三峡库区奉节—云阳的低阶地与地壳运动、河谷深槽与古洪水的新解释
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摘要
前人对三峡工程库区地壳运动与阶地类型的研究结果认为是间歇性抬升和基座阶地。文章从滑坡研究入手,对奉节白衣庵滑坡前沿深切古河湾中保存良好阶地的第四纪不同岩性沉积物的沉积关系、沉积年代、沉积气候等进行了重点研究;对云阳宝塔—鸡扒子滑坡及其附近的汤溪河口阶地与类型、阶(台)地沉积关系、沉积年代与成因、岩性等进行了对比分析;另外,对奉节白衣庵和云阳宝塔—鸡扒子两滑坡与河谷发育、深切河槽的发育关系、形成时代进行了讨论;同时还对旧县坪、故陵滑坡的发生年龄与其上阶地进行了分析。研究结果表明,峡区西云阳—奉节一带T1和T2阶地均为内叠(嵌入)阶地,地壳运动在最近50万年期间有4次上升,3次下降,在总体呈上升的背景下,近12万年期间升降幅度较前降低,频度则增加。此外,还讨论了与地壳运动、阶地形成有关的滑坡与河谷发育关系,发现深切河槽的形成时间是30万年前的MIS9早中期;白衣庵、宝塔、旧县坪等大滑坡均是河谷深槽形成后发生的;证实“40~30kaB·P.的高温大降水”时期是古洪水发生期外,还存在更早期的古洪水沉积。
The crustal movement type is intermittent uplift and the terrace pattern is main bottom terrace in Three Gorges reservoir area, that are the former people viewpoint. The sediment relation, sediment time, and sediment climate of Quaternary terrace deposit in front of Baiyi′an landslide are important to this study. On the basis of the comparative analysis of terrace deposit relation, deposit time, origin, and lithology in the Baota landslide, the relation between two landslides and valley development, incised channel, are studied. An analysis of the time and terrace of the Jiuxianping landslide and the Gulin landslide educed a type of second bottom and second terrace from Yunyang County to Fengjie County in the west reservoir area, an inset terrace. In the past five hundred thousands years, there was four times the uplift and three times the falloff of crustal movement. The amplitude of crustal movement reduced while the frequency of crustal movement rose with the uplift wholly in the past one hundred and twenty thousands years. Otherwise, the relation of landslide and valley development, the forming time of incised channel, the palaeoflood deposit and terrace are studied in the paper. The conclusions are as follows: the formation time of deep troughs is early-middle of MIS 9, three hundreds thousands years B.P. The Baiyi′an landslide, Baota landslide, and the Jiuxianping landslide occurred after the formation of deep trough. There are also older palaeoflood deposit before the palaeoflood period of “40~30kaB.P. megatemperature precipitation”.
The crustal movement type is intermittent uplift and the terrace pattern is main bottom terrace in Three Gorges reservoir area, that are the former people viewpoint. The sediment relation, sediment time, and sediment climate of Quaternary terrace deposit in front of Baiyi′an landslide are important to this study. On the basis of the comparative analysis of terrace deposit relation, deposit time, origin, and lithology in the Baota landslide, the relation between two landslides and valley development, incised channel, are studied. An analysis of the time and terrace of the Jiuxianping landslide and the Gulin landslide educed a type of second bottom and second terrace from Yunyang County to Fengjie County in the west reservoir area, an inset terrace. In the past five hundred thousands years, there was four times the uplift and three times the falloff of crustal movement. The amplitude of crustal movement reduced while the frequency of crustal movement rose with the uplift wholly in the past one hundred and twenty thousands years. Otherwise, the relation of landslide and valley development, the forming time of incised channel, the palaeoflood deposit and terrace are studied in the paper. The conclusions are as follows: the formation time of deep troughs is early-middle of MIS 9, three hundreds thousands years B.P. The Baiyi′an landslide, Baota landslide, and the Jiuxianping landslide occurred after the formation of deep trough. There are also older palaeoflood deposit before the palaeoflood period of “40~30kaB.P. megatemperature precipitation”.
引文
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2 叶良辅,谢家荣.扬子江流域巫山以下之地质构造及地文史.地质汇报(甲种),1925,7:87~110Yih L F,Hsieh C Y.Geologic structure and physiographic history of the Yangtze valley belowWu Shan.Bulletin ofthe Geological Survey ofChina(A),1925,7:87~110
3 Barbour G B.Physiographic stages of Central China.Bulletin ofthe Geological Society ofChina,1934,13:455~467
4 Barbour G B.Physiographic history of the Yangtze.Geological Memoi(Series A),1935,14:1~112
5 Lee C Y.The development of the upper Yangtze valley.Bulletin of the Geological Society ofChina,1934,13:107~117
6 吴尚时.巫峡.地质论评,1939,4(6):479~482Wu Shangshi.The Wuxia Gorge.Geological Review,1939,4(6):479~482
7 任美锷.长江三峡的调查.地理知识,1957,8(3):16~18Ren Mei′e.Investigation of the Yangtze Gorges.Geographica Knowledge,1957,8(3):16~18
8 沈玉昌.长江上游河谷地貌.北京:科学出版社,1965.321Shen Yuchang.The Geomorphalogy of the Upper Yangtze Valley.Beijing:Science Press,1965.321
9 杨达源.长江三峡的起源和演化.南京大学学报(自然科学板),1988,24(3):466~547Yang Dayuan.The genesis and evolution of Yangtze Gorges.Nanjing University(Nature Science),1988,24(3):466~547
10 杨达源,陈宝冲.长江三峡中的阶地研究.南京大学学报(地理),1988,9:32~43Yang Dayuan,Chen Baochong.The study of terraces within the Yangtze Gorges.Nanjing University(Geography),1988,9:32~43
11 杨达源.长江三峡阶地的成因机制.地理学报,1988,43(2):120~126Yang Dayuan.Genetic mechanism of the alluvial terraces along the Three-Gorges coures of the Changjiang River.Acta Geographica Sinica,1988,43(2):120~126
12 杨达源,闾国年.长江三峡贯通的时代及其地质意义的研究.见:刘东生,安芷生主编.黄土·第四纪地质·全球变化(第三集).北京:科学出版社,1992.140~143Yang Dayuan,L櫣Guonian.Study on the through time and its geological implication of the Three Gorges along the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.In:Liu Tungsheng,An Zhisheng eds.Loess,Quaternary Geology and Global Change(Vol.Ⅲ).Beijing:Science Press,1992.140~143
13 谢 明.长江三峡地区第四纪以来新构造上升速度和形式.第四纪研究,1990,(4):308~315Xie Ming.Neotectonic uplift velocity and type along the Changjiang River during Quaternary.QuaternarySciences,1990,(4):308~315
14 谢 明.河流水位变幅是影响阶地划分与新构造分析的重要因素———以长江三峡段为例.地理学报,1991,46(3):353~359Xie Ming.Water level change amplitude———A key factor influencing terrace differentiation and neotectonic analysis.Acta Geographica Sinica,1991,46(3):353~359
15 陈宝冲.试用阶地纵剖面线图分析长江三峡地区的地壳运动.科技导报,1996,(11):12~13Chen Baochong.An analysis of the crustal movement along the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River by the terrace longitudinal profile Lines.Science and Technology Review,1996,(11):12~13
16 田陵君,李平忠,罗雁编著.长江三峡河谷发育史.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1996.24,29Tian Lingjun,Li Pingzhong,Luo Yan eds.Developmental History of Yangtze Gorges.Chengdu:Southwest Communicitions University Press,1996.24,29
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18 地质矿产部成都水文地质工程地质中心,成都地质学院,水利部长江水利委员会勘测总队.长江三峡工程库岸稳定性.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1992.14Chengdu Hydrogeology and Engineering Centre of Geology and Mineral Ministry,Chengdu Geology College,Yangtze River Water Conservancy Committee of Water Resources Department.On Stability of the Bank Slopes Around the Three Gorges of Yangtze River.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1992.14
19 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所.三峡库区蓄水斜坡地下水动力场变化及滑坡稳定性研究.2002Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Groundwater Dynamic Field Change of the Storage Slope and the Stability Study of the Landslide in Three Gorges.2002
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