利用触发相机在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区追踪华南虎(英文)
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摘要
2001~2003年的20个月里,我们在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内设置了一些触发相机,以确定该地区是否存在华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)。共设置了3种触发相机,包括TrailMaster(美国)的主动式和被动式相机以及Wildlife Two(中国深圳)的被动式相机。首先在保护区西部沿着小路和动物足迹放置了一些相机。之后又从2002年开始在保护区东部追加放置了一些相机,这是因为有村民报告在这一区域发生了家畜丢失,发现猫科动物足迹以及听到吼叫声。在2002年5月到2003年12月的20个月期间,共8 307个拍摄日,获得6 180张照片,其中有1 437张包括野生动物(平均每100个拍摄日17张野生动物照片)。合计拍摄到33种野生动物。野猪(Sus scrofa)、红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)是被拍摄最频繁的物种。既没有拍到虎和其他大型猫科动物,也没有拍到水鹿(Cervus unicolor)这种虎重要的猎物。最频繁被拍摄到的猫科动物是豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)。村民偶尔报告的掠走山羊的事件可能是豹(Panthera pardus)造成的,但是不能确定。利用触发相机调查超过1 000 d没有拍摄到虎,这一充分的证据足以支持该调查区没有虎的结论(α=0.05)。20个月超过8 300个拍摄日没有在壶瓶山拍摄到虎,显示该地区没有虎。值得注意的结果是拍到红腹锦鸡、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、毛冠鹿和黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)的频率很高。这些物种是中国或国际受保护物种,包括被列为国内受保护物种,或同时列为国际受保护物种,又或者像毛冠鹿这种几乎是未知的物种。壶瓶山国家级自然保护区附近有3个保护区。我们讨论建议将这4个保护区合并为一个更大的保护地域来保护虎及其猎物。并且在此简要地评论了我们使用的3种触发相机的性能。
We deployed camera-traps in Hupingshan National Nature Reserve,Hunan Province,China for 20 months during 2001-2003 to determine whether South China tigers(Panthera tigris amoyensis)occurred there.Three types of camera- traps were deployed,passive and active systems from TrailMaster(USA)and a passive system from Wildlife Two(Shenzhen,China).Traps were initially placed along footpaths and animal trails in the western part of the reserve.Additional traps were placed in the eastern part of the reserve beginning in 2002 in response to reports by villagers of livestock losses,wild cat tracks,and roaring in that area.Over the 20- month period from May2002 through December2003,8 307 camera-trap days were recorded,yielding a total of 6 180photographs of which 1 437 included wild fauna(17 wildlife photographs per 100 trap days).In total,33 wildlife species were photographed.The most frequently photographed species were wild boar(Sus scrofa),golden pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus),and tufted deer(Elaphodus cephalophus).Tigers and other large cats were not photographed,nor was sambar(Cervus unicolor),an important tiger prey species.The most frequently photographed felid was leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis).Occasional reports by villagers of depredations on goats were attributed to attacks by leopard(Panthera pardus),but this was not confirmed.Absence of photographs of tigers after camera- trap survey intensity exceeds 1 000 trap days is adequate evidence to support the conclusion that tigers are absent from a survey area at α =0.05.The Hupingshan camera- trapping record of over 8 300 trap days in 20 months without photographs of tigers suggests that tigers do not occur in Hupingshan.A notable result was the high frequency of photographs of golden pheasants,yellow- throated marten(Martes flavigula),tufted deer,and black bear(Ursus thibetanus).These species are protected in China and internationally,included in national and/or international lists of threatened species,or,in the case of tufted deer,are largely unknown.Hupingshan National Nature Reserve has 3 nearby protected areas.We discussed combination of these 4 reserves into a larger protected landscape for conservation of tigers and their prey.We briefly reviewed performance of our 3 types of camera traps.
We deployed camera-traps in Hupingshan National Nature Reserve,Hunan Province,China for 20 months during 2001-2003 to determine whether South China tigers(Panthera tigris amoyensis)occurred there.Three types of camera- traps were deployed,passive and active systems from TrailMaster(USA)and a passive system from Wildlife Two(Shenzhen,China).Traps were initially placed along footpaths and animal trails in the western part of the reserve.Additional traps were placed in the eastern part of the reserve beginning in 2002 in response to reports by villagers of livestock losses,wild cat tracks,and roaring in that area.Over the 20- month period from May2002 through December2003,8 307 camera-trap days were recorded,yielding a total of 6 180photographs of which 1 437 included wild fauna(17 wildlife photographs per 100 trap days).In total,33 wildlife species were photographed.The most frequently photographed species were wild boar(Sus scrofa),golden pheasant(Chrysolophus pictus),and tufted deer(Elaphodus cephalophus).Tigers and other large cats were not photographed,nor was sambar(Cervus unicolor),an important tiger prey species.The most frequently photographed felid was leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis).Occasional reports by villagers of depredations on goats were attributed to attacks by leopard(Panthera pardus),but this was not confirmed.Absence of photographs of tigers after camera- trap survey intensity exceeds 1 000 trap days is adequate evidence to support the conclusion that tigers are absent from a survey area at α =0.05.The Hupingshan camera- trapping record of over 8 300 trap days in 20 months without photographs of tigers suggests that tigers do not occur in Hupingshan.A notable result was the high frequency of photographs of golden pheasants,yellow- throated marten(Martes flavigula),tufted deer,and black bear(Ursus thibetanus).These species are protected in China and internationally,included in national and/or international lists of threatened species,or,in the case of tufted deer,are largely unknown.Hupingshan National Nature Reserve has 3 nearby protected areas.We discussed combination of these 4 reserves into a larger protected landscape for conservation of tigers and their prey.We briefly reviewed performance of our 3 types of camera traps.
引文
[1]Tilson R,Muntifering J.South China tiger field survey 2001:Jiangxi,Fujian,Zhejiang,Hunan and Hubei Provinces,P.R.China[R].Final Report submitted to the State Forestry Administration,P.R.China,2002.
[2]Tilson R,Hu Defu,Muntifering J,et al.Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris anwyensis:field survey of priority tiger reserves[J].Oryx,2004,38(1):40-47.
[3]Zhang Yongzu.Distribution of mammalian species in china[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1997.
[4]Chen Lingzhi.Biodiversity status of China and conservation strategy[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.
[5]Gui Xiaojie.Background of Hupingshan National Nature Reserve Proposed Project Site of Hunan[R].Project Report,World BankGlobal Environment Facility,Sustainable Forest Development Project,Protected Areas Management Component,1999.
[6]Hogmander J,Gui Xiaojie.Biodiversity Action Plan for Hunan Province,People's Republic of China[R].Forestry Department of Hunan Province and Mets(a|¨)hallitus Forest and Park Service,2000.
[7]Hupingshan National Nature Reserve.Management plan:Sustainable Forest Development Project-protected area management[R].Hunan Forestry Bureau,2004.
[8]Koehler G M.Survey of remaining wild population of South China tigers:final project report[R].WWF Project 4512/China,1991.
[9]Dahmer T D.South China Tiger Conservation Project,trip report2-10 March 2003[R].Submitted to Hunan Forestry Bureau,Hupingshan National Nature Reserve and Save China's Tigers,2003.
[10]Smith AT,Xie Yan.A guide to the mammals of China[M].Princeton and Oxfordshire:Princeton Univ.Press,2008.
[11]MacKinnon J,Phillipps K.A field guide to the birds of China[M].New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2000.
[12]Carbone C,Christie S,Conforti K,et al.The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic prey[J].Animal Conservation,2001,4:75-79.
[2]Tilson R,Hu Defu,Muntifering J,et al.Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris anwyensis:field survey of priority tiger reserves[J].Oryx,2004,38(1):40-47.
[3]Zhang Yongzu.Distribution of mammalian species in china[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1997.
[4]Chen Lingzhi.Biodiversity status of China and conservation strategy[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.
[5]Gui Xiaojie.Background of Hupingshan National Nature Reserve Proposed Project Site of Hunan[R].Project Report,World BankGlobal Environment Facility,Sustainable Forest Development Project,Protected Areas Management Component,1999.
[6]Hogmander J,Gui Xiaojie.Biodiversity Action Plan for Hunan Province,People's Republic of China[R].Forestry Department of Hunan Province and Mets(a|¨)hallitus Forest and Park Service,2000.
[7]Hupingshan National Nature Reserve.Management plan:Sustainable Forest Development Project-protected area management[R].Hunan Forestry Bureau,2004.
[8]Koehler G M.Survey of remaining wild population of South China tigers:final project report[R].WWF Project 4512/China,1991.
[9]Dahmer T D.South China Tiger Conservation Project,trip report2-10 March 2003[R].Submitted to Hunan Forestry Bureau,Hupingshan National Nature Reserve and Save China's Tigers,2003.
[10]Smith AT,Xie Yan.A guide to the mammals of China[M].Princeton and Oxfordshire:Princeton Univ.Press,2008.
[11]MacKinnon J,Phillipps K.A field guide to the birds of China[M].New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2000.
[12]Carbone C,Christie S,Conforti K,et al.The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic prey[J].Animal Conservation,2001,4:75-79.
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