三峡库区梁滩河流域水化学与硝酸盐污染
摘要
运用水化学和水质分析技术,测定了三峡库区梁滩河流域地表水体和地下水体中的水化学组成和硝酸盐氮含量,揭示了梁滩河流域地表水和地下水水体的水化学组成和硝酸盐污染的空间分布规律、来源及循环过程。结果表明:梁滩河流域地表水的硝酸盐污染表现为沿着地表径流从上游到下游呈现出加重的趋势,这种污染趋势与养殖业、生活和工农业废污水的沿程直接排放有着直接关系;而地下水硝酸盐污染呈现出流域上游和下游较轻、而中游东侧支流区域较重的空间分布特征,这种空间分布特征与地表水体中氨氮和有机氮的含量、地表水与地下水之间的补给排泄关系、厚层土壤包气带的存在以及土地利用状况等因素有着密切的关系。
By using the water chemistry and water quality analysis technology,the water chemistry components and nitrate nitrogen concentrations of surface water bodies and groundwater bodies in the Liangtan River basin in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were measured to reveal the spatial distribution rules,sources and circulation processes of the water chemistry components and nitrate pollution in the water bodies in the study basin.The results show that: a tendency of becoming severe for the nitrate pollution in the surface water bodies exists in the Liangtan River basin from the headstream to the downstream along the surface water flow paths,and this tendency presents the direct relationship with the direct discharge of waste and polluted water from the breed aquatics,housing and farming industry along the surface water flow paths.A spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen pollution of groundwater displays a lighter pollution level for the headstream and downstream reaches area in the basin,while a heavier pollution level for the eastern branch in the middle reaches area.There is a close relationship between the spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen pollution and the factors such as the ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen concentrations of the surface water bodies,the recharge and discharge interrelationship between the surface water and groundwater bodies,the existence of thick unsaturated zone and land use condition. The analysis shows that application of livestock manure and widespread use of nitrogen fertilizers are potential sources of nitrate contamination.Generally,the ground water bodies in the agricultural watersheds are polluted by long-term trend of nitrate contamination,which coincides with higher mineralized water due to agricultural-related land use practices.In a basin where severe human activities are dominant,the evolvement tendency of the ground water nitrate may disobey the rule that ground water nitrate concentrations decrease substantially along the groundwater flow paths.As for the Liangtan River basin,along the groundwater flow paths,there is a sharp increase in the groundwater nitrate concentrations from the headwater area to the area between the upper and middle reaches of the river,while a sharp decrease appears in the area between the upper-middle reaches and the middle-lower reaches of the river.
By using the water chemistry and water quality analysis technology,the water chemistry components and nitrate nitrogen concentrations of surface water bodies and groundwater bodies in the Liangtan River basin in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were measured to reveal the spatial distribution rules,sources and circulation processes of the water chemistry components and nitrate pollution in the water bodies in the study basin.The results show that: a tendency of becoming severe for the nitrate pollution in the surface water bodies exists in the Liangtan River basin from the headstream to the downstream along the surface water flow paths,and this tendency presents the direct relationship with the direct discharge of waste and polluted water from the breed aquatics,housing and farming industry along the surface water flow paths.A spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen pollution of groundwater displays a lighter pollution level for the headstream and downstream reaches area in the basin,while a heavier pollution level for the eastern branch in the middle reaches area.There is a close relationship between the spatial distribution of nitrate nitrogen pollution and the factors such as the ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen concentrations of the surface water bodies,the recharge and discharge interrelationship between the surface water and groundwater bodies,the existence of thick unsaturated zone and land use condition. The analysis shows that application of livestock manure and widespread use of nitrogen fertilizers are potential sources of nitrate contamination.Generally,the ground water bodies in the agricultural watersheds are polluted by long-term trend of nitrate contamination,which coincides with higher mineralized water due to agricultural-related land use practices.In a basin where severe human activities are dominant,the evolvement tendency of the ground water nitrate may disobey the rule that ground water nitrate concentrations decrease substantially along the groundwater flow paths.As for the Liangtan River basin,along the groundwater flow paths,there is a sharp increase in the groundwater nitrate concentrations from the headwater area to the area between the upper and middle reaches of the river,while a sharp decrease appears in the area between the upper-middle reaches and the middle-lower reaches of the river.
引文
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[14]陈克亮,朱晓东,等.川中小流域地下水硝态氮的时空变化特征.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):1060~1064.
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[16]叶麟,徐耀阳,等.香溪河库湾春季水华期间硝酸盐、磷酸盐的时空分布.水生生物学报,2006,30(1):75~79.
[17]陈淑峰,胡克林,等.华北平原桓台县地下水硝态氮含量的空间变异规律及其成因分析.水科学进展,2008,19(4):581~586.
[18]赵俊丽,傅瓦丽,袁红,等.梁滩河小流域非点源污染对溪流水质的影响.人民长江,2008,39(5):61~62.
[19]王晓军.梁滩河综合整治前期完成,我市碧水行劝方案进展顺利.重庆日报,2008-12-15.
[20]章轲.重庆每年有6万吨鸭粪排入染滩河,第一财经日报,2008-3-31.
[21]Song X F,Liu X C,Xia J.A study of interaction between surface water and groundwater using environmental iso-tope in Huaisha basin.Science in China(Series D).2006,49(12):1299~1310.
[22]Bohlke J K,Denver J M.Combined use of groundwater dating,chemical,and isotopic analysis to resolve the his-tory and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds,Atlantic coastal,Maryland.Water ResourcesResearch,1995,31:2319~2339.
[23]Foster S S,Cripps A C,Smith C A.Nitrate leaching to groundwater.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lon.,1982,296:477~489.
[24]Edmunds W M,Andrews J N,Burgess W G.The evolution of saline and thermal groundwater in the Carnmellisgranite.Mineral.Mag.,1984,48:407~424.
[25]Rak H,Kim J L,Ho W C.Characteristics of organic matter as indicators of pollution from small-scale livestockand nitrate contamination of shallow groundwater in an agricultural area.Hydrological Processes,2003,17:2485~2496.
[26]Mohammad N,Almasri1,Jagath J.Assessment and management of long-term nitrate pollution of ground water inagriculture-dominated watersheds.Journal of Hydrology,2004,295:225~245.
[27]Simmons R C,Gold A J,Groffman P M.Nitrate dynamics in riparian forests:groundwater studies.Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,1992,21:659~665.
[28]Groffman P M,Howard G,Gold A J.Microbial nitrate processing in shallow groundwater in a riparian forest.Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25:1309~1316.
[29]陈建耀,王亚,等.地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述.地理科学进展,2006,25(1):34~44.
[30]Heaton T H,Talma A S,Vogel J C.Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in the western Kalaha-ri.Journal of Hydrology,1983,62:243~262.
[31]Heaton T H.Sources of the nitrate in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari.Journal of Hydrology,67:249~259.
[2]刘永明,贾绍凤,等.三峡水库重庆段一级支流回水河段富营养化潜势研究.地理研究,2003,22(1):67~72.
[3]刘仁燕,冯明磊,等.三峡库区小流域水体硝态氮含量及与土地利用的关系.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):886~892.
[4]Mason J,Wegner G D,Quinn G I.Nutrient loss via groundwater discharge from small watersheds in southwest-ern and south central Wisconsin.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1990,45:327~331.
[5]Owens L B,Edwards W M,Keuren R W.Baseflow and stormflow transport of nutrients from mixed agriculturalwatersheds.Journal of Environmental Quality,1991,21:147~150.
[6]Thomas G W,Haszler G R,Crutchfield J D.Nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus in seven Kentuckystreams draining small agricultural watersheds:Eighteen years later.Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22(4):666~671.
[7]Nearing M A,Risse R M,Rogers L F.Estimating daily nutrient fluxes to a large piedmont reservoir from limitedtributary data.Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22:666~671.
[8]Edwards D R,Daniel T C,Scott H D.Stream quality impacts of best management practices in a northwestern Ar-kansas basin.Water Resources Bulletin,1996,32(3):499~510.
[9]Valiela I,Costa J,Foreman K.Transport of groundwater-borne nutrients from watersheds and their effects oncoastal waters.Biogeochemistry,1990,10:177~197.
[10]Hanson G C,Groffman P M,Gold A J.Symptoms of nitrogen saturation in a riparian wetland.Ecological Appli-cations,1995,4:750~756.
[11]Portnoy J W,Nowicki B L,Roman C T.The discharge of nitrate-contaminated groundwater from developedshoreline to marsh-fringed estuary.Water Resources Research,1998,34(11):3095~3104.
[12]金赞芳,王飞儿,等.城市地下水硝酸盐污染及其成因分析.土壤学报,2004,41(2):252~258.
[13]姜桂华,王文科,等.关中盆地潜水硝酸盐污染分析及防治对策.水资源保护,2002,2:6~8.
[14]陈克亮,朱晓东,等.川中小流域地下水硝态氮的时空变化特征.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):1060~1064.
[15]汪涛,朱波,等.川中丘陵区典型小流域地下水硝酸盐污染分析.生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(3):84~87.
[16]叶麟,徐耀阳,等.香溪河库湾春季水华期间硝酸盐、磷酸盐的时空分布.水生生物学报,2006,30(1):75~79.
[17]陈淑峰,胡克林,等.华北平原桓台县地下水硝态氮含量的空间变异规律及其成因分析.水科学进展,2008,19(4):581~586.
[18]赵俊丽,傅瓦丽,袁红,等.梁滩河小流域非点源污染对溪流水质的影响.人民长江,2008,39(5):61~62.
[19]王晓军.梁滩河综合整治前期完成,我市碧水行劝方案进展顺利.重庆日报,2008-12-15.
[20]章轲.重庆每年有6万吨鸭粪排入染滩河,第一财经日报,2008-3-31.
[21]Song X F,Liu X C,Xia J.A study of interaction between surface water and groundwater using environmental iso-tope in Huaisha basin.Science in China(Series D).2006,49(12):1299~1310.
[22]Bohlke J K,Denver J M.Combined use of groundwater dating,chemical,and isotopic analysis to resolve the his-tory and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds,Atlantic coastal,Maryland.Water ResourcesResearch,1995,31:2319~2339.
[23]Foster S S,Cripps A C,Smith C A.Nitrate leaching to groundwater.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lon.,1982,296:477~489.
[24]Edmunds W M,Andrews J N,Burgess W G.The evolution of saline and thermal groundwater in the Carnmellisgranite.Mineral.Mag.,1984,48:407~424.
[25]Rak H,Kim J L,Ho W C.Characteristics of organic matter as indicators of pollution from small-scale livestockand nitrate contamination of shallow groundwater in an agricultural area.Hydrological Processes,2003,17:2485~2496.
[26]Mohammad N,Almasri1,Jagath J.Assessment and management of long-term nitrate pollution of ground water inagriculture-dominated watersheds.Journal of Hydrology,2004,295:225~245.
[27]Simmons R C,Gold A J,Groffman P M.Nitrate dynamics in riparian forests:groundwater studies.Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,1992,21:659~665.
[28]Groffman P M,Howard G,Gold A J.Microbial nitrate processing in shallow groundwater in a riparian forest.Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25:1309~1316.
[29]陈建耀,王亚,等.地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述.地理科学进展,2006,25(1):34~44.
[30]Heaton T H,Talma A S,Vogel J C.Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in the western Kalaha-ri.Journal of Hydrology,1983,62:243~262.
[31]Heaton T H.Sources of the nitrate in phreatic groundwater in the western Kalahari.Journal of Hydrology,67:249~259.
目录