长江流域鱼类食性同资源集团组成特征分析
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摘要
长江流域目前已知分布有鱼类423种,隶属于18目41科173属,其中纯淡水鱼类348种、洄游性鱼类11种、河口鱼类64种。这些鱼类可以划分为8种食性类型:浮游植物食性、着生藻类食性、水生高等植物食性、浮游动物食性、水生昆虫食性、肉食性、软体动物食性和杂食性。对长江上、中、下游以及河口江段的鱼类种类组成及食性同资源集团组成分析发现:(1)从上游到中、下游,鱼类物种的数目逐渐减少,但在河口略有增加;(2)整个长江流域鱼类以水生昆虫为食的占25%,以着生藻类和小鱼虾为食的分别占21%和20%,以软体动物和浮游动物为食的各占13%;(3)从上游至河口,以浮游动物、小鱼虾为食的鱼类比例逐渐增加,而以着生藻类、水生昆虫为食的鱼类比例逐渐减少;杂食性、软体动物食性的鱼类,以及浮游植物食性、水生高等植物食性的鱼类,其组成比例从上游至下游变化趋势不明显。长江流域鱼类食性同资源集团组成的变化实际上反映了水生态系统结构与功能的变化。
According to the compiled data,423 fish species which are assigned to 173 genera in 41 families of 14 orders are reviewed as valid in the Yangtze River.Among them,348 are freshwater species,11 are migratory species,and 64 are estuary dwelling ones.Based on their diet,these fishes can be categorized into eight types:phytoplanktivores,phytobenthivores,herbivores,zooplanktivores,insectivores,piscivores,zoobenthivores,and omnivores.The analysis of the feeding guild composition along the entire Yangtze River suggests that the number of fish species decreases from upriver to downstream,while it increases a little in the estuary region.For the feeding guilds,the insectivores account for about 25% of the total species,with phytobenthivores and piscivores following,which account about 21% and 20% respectively.Invertivores and zooplanktivores have an equal proportion,each accounting for about 13%.From upriver to downstream,the proportions of zooplanktivores and piscivores increase,while those of the phytobenthivores and insectivores decrease.Other feeding guilds,like the omnivores,invertivores,phytoplanktivores,and herbivores remain relatively stable.The variation of feeding guilds composition along the Yangtze River indicates the change in the structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem.
According to the compiled data,423 fish species which are assigned to 173 genera in 41 families of 14 orders are reviewed as valid in the Yangtze River.Among them,348 are freshwater species,11 are migratory species,and 64 are estuary dwelling ones.Based on their diet,these fishes can be categorized into eight types:phytoplanktivores,phytobenthivores,herbivores,zooplanktivores,insectivores,piscivores,zoobenthivores,and omnivores.The analysis of the feeding guild composition along the entire Yangtze River suggests that the number of fish species decreases from upriver to downstream,while it increases a little in the estuary region.For the feeding guilds,the insectivores account for about 25% of the total species,with phytobenthivores and piscivores following,which account about 21% and 20% respectively.Invertivores and zooplanktivores have an equal proportion,each accounting for about 13%.From upriver to downstream,the proportions of zooplanktivores and piscivores increase,while those of the phytobenthivores and insectivores decrease.Other feeding guilds,like the omnivores,invertivores,phytoplanktivores,and herbivores remain relatively stable.The variation of feeding guilds composition along the Yangtze River indicates the change in the structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem.
引文
陈校辉,边文冀,严维辉,等.2007.长江江苏段鱼类种类组成和优势种研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,16(5):571~577.
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丁瑞华.1994.四川鱼类志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版杜.
湖北省水生生物研究所鱼类研究室.1976.长江鱼类[M].北京:科学出版社.
刘建康,曹文宣.1992.长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,1(1):17~23.
水利部长江水利委员会.1999.长江流域地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社.
王寿昆.1997.中国主要河流鱼类分布及其种类多样性与流域特征的关系[J].生物多样性,5(3):197~201.
于晓东,罗天宏,周红章.2005.长江流域鱼类物种多样性大尺度格局研究[J].生物多样性,13(6):473~495.
张衡,陆健健.2007.鱼类分类多样性估算方法在长江河口区的应用[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2:11~22.
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Bistoni M,Hued A.2002.Patterns of Fish Species Richness in Rivers ofthe Central Region of Argentina[J].Brazilian Journal of Biology,62(4B):753~764.
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Ibanez C,Oberdorff T,Teugels G,et al.2007.Fish assemblages struc-ture and function along environmental gradients in rivers of Gabon(Af-rica)[J].Ecology of Freshwater Fish,16(3):315~334.
Oberdorff T,Guégan J,Hugueny B.1995.Global scale patterns of fishspecies richness in rivers[J].Ecography,18:345~352.
Oberdorff T,Guilbert E,Lucchetta J.1993.Patterns of Fish SpeciesRichness in the Seine River Basin,France[J].Hydrobiolgia,259:157~167.
Petry C,Schulz U.2006.Longitudinal changes and indicator species ofthe fish fauna in the subtropical Sinos River,Brazil[J].Journal ofFish Biology,69(1):272~290.
Rahel F,Hubert W.1991.Fish assemblages and habitat gradients in arocky mountain-Great Plains stream:biotic zonation and additive pat-terns of community change[J].Transactions of the American FisheriesSociety,120(3):319~332.
Root,RB.1967.The Niche Exploitation Pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnat-catcher[J].Ecological Monographs,37(4):317~350.
Simberloff D,Dayan T.1991.The structure concept and the structure ofecological communities[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systemat-ics,22:115~143.
Tejerina-Garro F,Maldonado M,Iba ez C,et al.2005.Effects of natu-ral and anthropogenic environmental changes on riverine fish assembla-ges:a framework for ecological assessment of rivers[J].Brazilian Ar-chives of Biology and Technology,48:91~108.
Vannote R,Minshall G,Cummins K,et al.1980.The river continuumconcept[J].Canada Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences,37:130~137.
Welcomme R,Winemiller K,Cowx I.2006.Fish environmental guildsas a tool for assessment of ecological condition of rivers[J].River Re-search and Applications,22:377~396.
陈宜瑜.1998.中国动物志:硬骨鱼纲.鲤形目(中卷)[M].北京:科学出版社.
丁瑞华.1994.四川鱼类志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版杜.
湖北省水生生物研究所鱼类研究室.1976.长江鱼类[M].北京:科学出版社.
刘建康,曹文宣.1992.长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,1(1):17~23.
水利部长江水利委员会.1999.长江流域地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社.
王寿昆.1997.中国主要河流鱼类分布及其种类多样性与流域特征的关系[J].生物多样性,5(3):197~201.
于晓东,罗天宏,周红章.2005.长江流域鱼类物种多样性大尺度格局研究[J].生物多样性,13(6):473~495.
张衡,陆健健.2007.鱼类分类多样性估算方法在长江河口区的应用[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2:11~22.
中国科学院水生生物研究所.2007.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测系统鱼类和珍稀水生动物重点站[R].武汉.
周仰璟,吴万荣.1991.大川河鱼类区系及其群落生态结构的研究[J].生态学杂志,10(2):20~24.
朱松泉.2004.2002-2003年太湖鱼类学调查[J].湖泊科学,16(2):120~124.
庄平,王幼槐,等.2006.长江口鱼类[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.
Aarts M,Nienheisu P.2003.Fish zonation and guilds as the basis for as-sessment of ecological integrity of large rivers[J].Hydrobiologia,500:157~178.
Bistoni M,Hued A.2002.Patterns of Fish Species Richness in Rivers ofthe Central Region of Argentina[J].Brazilian Journal of Biology,62(4B):753~764.
Fu C,Wu J,Wang X,et al.2004.Patterns of diversity,altitudinalrange and body size among freshwater fishes in the Yangtze River ba-sin,China[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,13:543~552.
Ibanez C,Oberdorff T,Teugels G,et al.2007.Fish assemblages struc-ture and function along environmental gradients in rivers of Gabon(Af-rica)[J].Ecology of Freshwater Fish,16(3):315~334.
Oberdorff T,Guégan J,Hugueny B.1995.Global scale patterns of fishspecies richness in rivers[J].Ecography,18:345~352.
Oberdorff T,Guilbert E,Lucchetta J.1993.Patterns of Fish SpeciesRichness in the Seine River Basin,France[J].Hydrobiolgia,259:157~167.
Petry C,Schulz U.2006.Longitudinal changes and indicator species ofthe fish fauna in the subtropical Sinos River,Brazil[J].Journal ofFish Biology,69(1):272~290.
Rahel F,Hubert W.1991.Fish assemblages and habitat gradients in arocky mountain-Great Plains stream:biotic zonation and additive pat-terns of community change[J].Transactions of the American FisheriesSociety,120(3):319~332.
Root,RB.1967.The Niche Exploitation Pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnat-catcher[J].Ecological Monographs,37(4):317~350.
Simberloff D,Dayan T.1991.The structure concept and the structure ofecological communities[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systemat-ics,22:115~143.
Tejerina-Garro F,Maldonado M,Iba ez C,et al.2005.Effects of natu-ral and anthropogenic environmental changes on riverine fish assembla-ges:a framework for ecological assessment of rivers[J].Brazilian Ar-chives of Biology and Technology,48:91~108.
Vannote R,Minshall G,Cummins K,et al.1980.The river continuumconcept[J].Canada Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences,37:130~137.
Welcomme R,Winemiller K,Cowx I.2006.Fish environmental guildsas a tool for assessment of ecological condition of rivers[J].River Re-search and Applications,22:377~396.
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