Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the effects of axomadol and its O-demethyl metabolite on pupil diameter and nociception in healthy subjects
The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of the active components of axomadol and to quantify their contribution to observed the pupillometric and analgesic (measured through the cold pressor test) effects linking the PD engagement biomarker with clinical response.