Determinants of firm boundaries: Empirical analysis of the Japanese auto industry from 1984 to 2002

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• 作者：Sadao Nagaoka ; Akira Takeishi ; Yoshihisa Noro
• 关键词：Firm boundary ; Vertical integration ; Keiretsu ; Relational contract ; Specificity ; Interdependency ; Testability
• 刊名：Journal of the Japanese and International Economies
• 出版年：2008
• 出版时间：June 2008
• 年：2008
• 卷：22
• 期：2
• 页码：187-206
• 全文大小：491 K

文摘

A total of 45 penile plication procedures were performed in 43 pediatric patients, of whom 39 had mild to moderate and 4 had severe curvature. Eight patients had previously undergone penile curvature repair. After the induction of an artificial erection test a 4 or 5-zero polypropylene plication suture was placed at the point of maximal curvature at the 12 o'clock position.

Results

Of patients with mild to moderate curvature 97 % underwent a successful initial procedure. Satisfactory results were achieved in only 2 of the 4 patients with severe curvature. Two of the 3 initial failures were successfully reoperated using the same technique. The procedure was successful in all 8 patients who had previously undergone operation for curvature repair.

Conclusions

Midline dorsal penile plication is a safe, simple to perform procedure that achieves excellent results in patients with mild to moderate curvature. It is a useful technique in patients in who previous repairs have failed. We suggest other repair techniques for severe curvature.