文摘
We examined the effects of shade, management and altitude on ecosystem services in coffee agroecosystems. Ecosystem services responded differently to interactions Shade × Management × Altitude. No trade-offs were found among different ecosystem services. Coffee agroforestry systems provided higher levels of ecosystem services than coffee in full sun. Coffee agroforestry systems should be designed with diversified, productive shade canopies and managed with a medium intensity of cropping practices.