Synthesis of ethyl levulinate as fuel additives using heterogeneous solid superacidic catalysts: Efficacy and kinetic modeling

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• 作者：Ganapati D. Yadav ; ^{gdyadav@yahoo.com" class="auth_mail} ; ^{gd.yadav@ictmumbai.edu.in" class="auth_mail} ; Akhilesh R. Yadav
• 关键词：Levulinic acid ; Alkyl levulinate ; Green chemistry ; Solid superacid ; Fuel additives ; Biomass catalysis
• 刊名：Chemical Engineering Journal
• 出版年：1 May, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：243
• 期：Complete
• 页码：556-563
• 全文大小：2196 K

文摘

Esters of levulinic acid, which is biomass derived, are used as oxygenated additives in fuels, flavoring and fragrance industry or as blending components in biodiesel. A series of sulphated metal oxide catalysts were prepared and their activities were tested in the synthesis of ethyl levulinate as the model compound, among which UDCaT-5 (mesoporous super acidic zirconia modified catalyst) was the most active and robust catalyst. The effects of various parameters were studied in a batch reactor to establish kinetics and mechanism of reaction under optimized conditions. The reaction follows Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson mechanism involving weak adsorption of the reactants and products. The apparent energy of activation was found to be 9.00 kcal/mol for ethyl levulinate. Several other alkyl levulinates were produced from esterification of levulinic acid with different alcohols using UDCaT-5. The use of solid acid catalyst made the process environmentally benign. The catalyst was reused up to four runs including the fresh one. A green and effective route for conversion of biobased levulinic acid into valuable esters is established.