An interconnected 3D TiO2 structure layer with controlled size was fabricated via electrochemical anodization.
The 3D TiO2 structure performed higher hardness, apparent Young’s modulus and better scratch-resistant than TiO2 nanotubes.
The 3D TiO2 structure possesses better performance in the osteogenic cell culture when compared to TiO2 nanotubes.