Predictive Factors of Deep Abdominal Complications after Operation for Hydatid Cyst of the Liver: 15 Years of Experience with 672 Patients
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- 作者：Hadj Omar El Malki ; Yasser El Mejdoubi ; Amine Souadka ; Raouf Mohsine ; Lahcen Ifrine ; Redouane Abouqal ; Abdelkader Belkouchi
- 关键词：Rainbow trout ; Atlantic salmon ; Innate immunity ; Gene duplication ; Tollip ; Toll-like receptor ; VHSV
- 刊名：Journal of the American College of Surgeons
- 出版年：2008
- 出版时间：April 2008
- 年：2008
- 卷：206
- 期：4
- 页码：629-637
- 全文大小：116 K
文摘
The factor Tollip is known to dampen TLR2- and TLR4-mediated signalling in mammals. No negative regulator of the piscine TLR-signalling cascade has been described so far, albeit a sizable collection of factors contributing to this ancient pathogen-sensing system are known from fish to date. We identified two closely related Tollip-encoding genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the respective ortholog mRNA molecules in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The salmonid Tollip genes are segmented into 6 exons, similar to the human orthologous gene. The protein-encoding sequences are homologous to >97 % among the twin factors and also between the species. Both encoded proteins contain a C2 domain and an ubiquitin system component, which are also characteristic features of the mammalian Tollip factor. We analysed the expression of these genes in trout. Both Tollip-encoding genes are ubiquitously and also equally expressed, as indicated by similar mRNA concentrations of both factors in any one tissue. Tollip expression was found to be up-regulated by viral infection. Our data suggest that the Tollip genes were duplicated before salmon and trout were evolutionary separated. Moreover, pathways dampening the activity of the TLR-cascade may have been conserved from lower vertebrates to mammals since Tollip, as a respective key factor has been highly conserved from fish to human.