North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states
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- 作者：Gokhan Danabasoglu ; Steve G. Yeager ; David Bailey ; Erik Behrens ; Mats Bentsen ; Daohua Bi ; Arne Biastoch ; Claus B枚ning ; Alex ; ra Bozec ; Vittorio M. Canuto ; Christophe Cassou ; Eric Chassignet ; Andrew C. Coward ; Sergey Danilov ; Nikolay Diansky ; Helge Drange ; Riccardo Farneti ; Elodie Fern ; ez ; Pier Giuseppe Fogli ; Gael Forget ; Yosuke Fujii ; et al.
- 关键词：Global ocean&ndash ; sea-ice modelling ; Ocean model comparisons ; Atmospheric forcing ; Experimental design ; Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ; North Atlantic simulations
- 刊名：Ocean Modelling
- 出版年：January, 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：73
- 期：Complete
- 页码：76-107
- 全文大小：9094 K
文摘
Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean-sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year period from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summarized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contributors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertical and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics considered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort.