Guiding of charged particles through capillaries in insulating materials
详细信息 查看全文
- 作者：Nikolaus Stolterfohta ; nico@stolterfoht.com" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author ; Yasunori Yamazakib
- 关键词：Guiding ; Nano-and macro-capillaries ; Guiding power ; Highly charged ions ; keV and MeV energies ; Microbeams ; Electrons ; Simulations
- 刊名：Physics Reports
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：29 April 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：629
- 期：Complete
- 页码：1-107
- 全文大小：12988 K
文摘
Studies of charged particle guiding through capillaries in insulating materials, performed during the last decade, are reviewed in a comprehensive manner. First, the principles of capillary guiding of slow highly charged ions are introduced describing the self-organized formation of charge patches. Basic quantities are defined, such as the guiding power characterizing a capillary. Challenges of the guiding experiments are pointed out. Then, experiments are described with emphasis on the guiding of highly charged ions in the keV energy range. Samples with an array of nanocapillaries as well as single macrocapillaries are treated. Emission profiles of transmitted ions are analyzed to establish scaling laws for the guiding angle, which quantifies the guiding power. Oscillations of the mean ion emission angle reveal the temporal dynamics of the charge patch formation. Next, experiments with ions of high (MeV) energies are focused on single tapered capillaries allowing for the production of a microbeam for various applications. Experiments concerning electrons are presented showing that apart from being elastically scattered these negative particles may enter into the capillary surface where they suffer energy losses. Finally, theoretical concepts of the capillary guiding are discussed. Simulations based on different charge transport methods clearly support the understanding of the guiding mechanisms. Altogether, capillary guiding involves several novel phenomena for which understanding have progressed far beyond their infancy.