China faces dual challenges from climate change and a prevalence of non-communicable diseases.
Nine diet scenarios from the latest National Program for Food and Nutrition were modeled.
Diets lower the associated carbon footprint for women by 5–26% and for men by 7–28%.
Diet change to benefit climate change mitigation and human health is possible in China.
China's mitigation potential was compared with UK, France, Spain, Sweden, and New Zealand.