Thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membrane with double-polyamide active layers for internal concentration polarization and fouling mitigation in osmotic processes
Double-skin polyamide TFC-PES (dTFC-PES) hollow fiber membrane was successfully developed. Outstanding effectiveness in mitigation of ICP and fouling in FO and PRO. Sustainable FO and PRO performances are achieved even using real wastewater as the feed. W slightly drops to 90.8% of the initial value after a 12-h test in PRO. Physically flushing by either freshwater or commercial membrane cleaner can efficiently restore the water flux.