Mothers have lower testosterone than non-mothers: Evidence from the Philippines

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• 作者：Christopher W. Kuzawa ; Lee T. Gettler ; Yuan-yen Huang ; Thomas W. McDade
• 关键词：Reproduction ; Life history ; Parenting ; Sex steroids ; Behavioral ecology
• 刊名：Hormones and Behavior
• 出版年：2010
• 出版时间：April 2010
• 年：2010
• 卷：57
• 期：4-5
• 页码：441-447
• 全文大小：234 K

文摘

Testosterone (T) is lower among fathers and men in committed relationships, suggesting that the hormone mediates the trade-off between mating and parenting effort. The function of T in women and responses of the hormone to relationships or motherhood are less well understood. Here we report relationships between T and pairbonding and motherhood in a random sample of 67 women (20.9 to 22.4 years old) participating in a population-based birth cohort study in the Philippines. Testosterone was measured in saliva collected at bedtime and at waking the following morning to capture circadian dynamics. Compared to non-mothers and non-pairbonded women, mothers and pairbonded women had 32 % (p < 0.0001) and 23 % (p < 0.004) lower waking T, respectively, but similar evening T. The lower waking T in mothers largely reflected reduced T in mothers of young offspring (< 2 years), with mothers of older offspring (2+ years) having intermediate T. These differences were independent of measures of breastfeeding, contraceptive pill use, menstrual cycle, sleep quality, education, employment, and socioeconomic status. Our findings highlight a similar relationship between parenting and committed relationships and T in women as documented in men and suggest that caregiving of dependent young may modulate female T. Future research should clarify whether this cross-sectional association reflects a suppressive effect of motherhood on T, whether these relationships vary across cultures, and the role of T within the endocrine architecture regulating female reproductive and caregiving strategies.