Only one gene copy number of MHC IIα and IIβ genes were found in the lined seahorse.
The seahorse had MHC IIα and IIβ genes, but the pipefish, a close relative in evolution, lacked them.
High expression of MHC II was detected in the muscle and brood pouch.
A challenge test demonstrated the muscle and brood pouch are sensitive and important for the MHC-mediated immune response.