Ethnicity or nationality are not the only forms of culture.

In some ways other forms of culture have psychological consequences parallel to those of ethnicity/nationality, in other ways they may have unique effects.

Working class culture is linked to more interdependence, holistic thinking, empathy, and vigilance.

Regional cultures vary in emphasis on honor, individualism, conformity, and tightness–looseness.

Religious cultures differ in attribution, cognition, work style, and moral judgment.