Exposure of the conceptus to pharmaceuticals in semen can be modeled using conservative assumptions.

Modeling for small molecules predicts large multiples of the experimental animal no-effect level compared to anticipated conceptus exposure.

Peptide medications are generally destroyed by vaginal peptidases, and no meaningful conceptus exposure is predicted.

Monoclonal antibodies are present in low concentrations in semen, and exposure of the conceptus is predicted to be negligible.