Venomous animals

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• 作者：David A. Warrell
• 关键词：antivenom ; antivenom reactions ; autonomic storm ; haemostatic disturbances ; hot water treatment ; hymenoptera sting anaphylaxis ; neurotoxicity ; prevention ; respiratory paralysis ; rhabdomyolysis ; soft tissue necrosis
• 刊名：Medicine
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：44
• 期：2
• 页码：120-124
• 全文大小：1608 K

文摘

Every year, snake-bites kill more than 100,000 people, while survivors suffer physical and mental sequelae; insects cause over 5000 anaphylactic deaths, scorpion-stings kill more than 1000 and spiders and jellyfish kill hundreds. Aquatic venomous animals include sea-snakes, fish, jellyfish, corals, cone shells, blue-ringed octopuses and sea urchins. Specific antidotes – hyperimmune serum antivenoms – are manufactured for serious envenoming. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is essential treatment for anaphylaxis. Cardiorespiratory and kidney failure require supportive treatment. Surgical intervention is rarely needed. Prevention is all important; community education can reduce risk by encouraging the use of protective clothing, lights after dark, bed nets and urgent medical treatment rather than traditional remedies.