We developed a bi-directional systematic methodology to minimize the building thermal load and energy consumption.
Using cooling-to-heating load ratio and system efficiency to select optimal sets of building design factors and HVAC systems.
Energy simulations were conducted on a total of 384 combinations of HVAC system and alternative building models.
The correlation between building (cooling and heating) load ratio and primary energy consumption was analyzed.
The diverse and overall cooling and heating system efficiency of HVAC systems was derived.