Blood lead and cadmium levels in a six hospital employee population. PESA study, 2009

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• 作者：Montserrat Gonzá ; lez-Estecha^a ; ^{montse@cmpx.net} ; Elena Trasobares^a ; Manuel Fuentes^b ; Marí ; a José ; Martí ; nez^c ; Sara Cano^b ; Nuria Vergara^c ; Marí ; a Jes&#xfa ; s Gaspar^d ; Joaquí ; n Gonzá ; lez-Revalderí ; a^d ; Marí ; a Carmen Barciela^e ; Zoila Bugarí ; n^e ; Marí ; a Dolores Ferná ; ndez^f ; Pilar Badí ; a^f ; Concepció ; n Pintos^g ; Mó ; nica Gonzá ; lez^g ; José ; Jes&#xfa ; s Guillé ; n^h ; Pilar Bermejo^e ; Cristina Ferná ; ndez^b ; Manuel Arroyo^a ; in the name of the PESA Group¹
• 关键词：Lead ; Cadmium ; Environmental exposure ; Menopause ; Cigarette smoke
• 刊名：Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology
• 出版年：2011
• 出版时间：January 2011
• 年：2011
• 卷：25
• 期：Supplement 1
• 页码：S22-S29
• 全文大小：386 K

文摘

Introduction

Exposure to lead and cadmium is a public health problem due to the broad exposure to these toxic substances among the general population. The objective of this study is to determine blood lead and cadmium concentrations in a working population drawn from six university hospitals in Madrid, Getafe, Cartagena, Santiago de Compostela, Santander and Palma de Mallorca (Spain) and to identify associated factors.

Materials and methods

951 individuals participated in the study and were administered the standardized PESA^® questionnaire regarding exposure to lead and cadmium. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction in Perkin-Elmer spectrometers, guaranteeing the transferability of the results.

Results

The median overall blood lead concentration was: 1.6 μg/dL (IQR: 0.9–2.7) and that of cadmium was: 0.21 μg/L (IQR: 0.10–0.50). There were significant differences in lead levels between men (2 μg/dL) and women (1.5 μg/dL), postmenopausal (2.6 μg/dL) and premenopausal women (1.1 μg/dL), and between participants who cooked in earthenware (2.1 μg/dL) and those who did not (1.5 μg/dL). The median of cadmium in women (0.24 μg/L) was higher than in men (0.11 μg/L) and was also higher in subjects who smoked (0.70 μg/L) than in non-smokers (0.13 μg/L).

Conclusions

A reduction in blood lead and cadmium levels was observed with respect to previous studies carried out in Spain. Nevertheless, the results suggest there are certain factors which increase risk such as age, gender, menopause, age of housing, cooking in lead-glazed earthenware and exposure to cigarette smoke.