In this review we discuss the emerging role of lysine acylation in the mitochondrion and summarise the evidence that proposes mitochondrial sirtuins are important players in the modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in response to external nutrient cues, via their action as lysine deacylases. We also highlight some key areas of mitochondrial sirtuin biology where future research efforts are required.
Lysine deacetylation appears to play some role in regulating mitochondrial metabolism. Recent discoveries of new enzymatic capabilities of mitochondrial sirtuins, including desuccinylation and demalonylation activities, as well as an increasing list of novel protein substrates have identified many new questions regarding the role of mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Dynamic changes in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism may have far-reaching consequences for many diseases, and despite promising initial findings in knockout animals and cell models, the role of the mitochondrial sirtuins requires further exploration in this context. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of mitochondrial research.